• Journal of Electrochemical Science and Technology
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.479-485
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• 2022

The power of energy storage devices is characterized by capacitance and the internal resistance. The capacitance is measured on an assumption that the charges are stored at the electrode interface and the electric double layer behaves like an ideal capacitor. However, in most cases, the electric double layer is not ideal so a constant phase element (CPE) is used instead of a capacitor to describe the practical observations. Nevertheless, another problem with the use of the CPE is that CPE does not give capacitance directly. Fortunately, a few methods were suggested to evaluate the effective capacitance in the literature. However, those methods may not be suitable for supercapacitors which are modeled as an equivalent circuit of a CPE and resistor connected in series because the time constant of the equivalent circuit is not clearly studied. In this report, in order to study the time constant of the CPE and find its equivalent capacitor, AC and DC methods are utilized in a complementary manner. As a result, the time constants in the AC and DC domains are compared with digital simulation and a proper equation is presented to calculate the effective capacitance of a supercapacitor, which is extended to an electrochemical system where faradaic and ohmic processes are accompanied by imperfect charge accumulation process.

• 전기의세계
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.126-131
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• 1982

Induction motors are known to cause voltage dip, oscillating torque and inrush current on the dynamic period. To compensate for these undesirable effects, the prediction of dynamic performances is required. The dynamic performances are determinated by circuit time constants. From this point of view, in this paper, the dynamic equivalent circuit included only three time-constant parameters are presented. To predict more simply dynamic performances, the new characteristics time constant parameters are analyzed, and now these parameters are described as the function of circuit time constants. This paper reviews and analyzes the use of series capacitance compensations, and the use of this analysis can make simply a prediction about oscillating conditions.

• 한국주조공학회지
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• 제24권5호
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• pp.290-294
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• 2004

The effect of carbon equivalent on the fading behavior of hypoeutectic ductile cast iron was investigated. The carbon content was slightly increased right after graphite spheroidization treatment and remained almost constant with holding at $1,490^{\circ}C$ after 4 minute. The residual magnesium content was decreased slowly with holding. The empirical equation expressing the relationship between this and holding time was proposed ; $C=C_o-P{\times}t$. The proportionality constant, P, was inversely proportional to carbon content.

• 한국건축시공학회지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.87-97
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• 2012

This paper presents a method of estimating the setting time of cement mortar incorporating recycled aggregate powder (RP) and cement kiln dust (CKD) at various curing temperatures by applying an equivalent age method. To estimate setting time, the equivalent age using apparent activation energy (Ea) was applied. Increasing RP and CKD leads to a shortened initial and final set. Ea at the initial set and final set obtained by Arrhenius function showed differences in response to mixture type. These were estimated to be from 10~19 KJ/mol in all mixtures, which is smaller than those of conventional mixture ranging from 30~50 KJ/mol. Based on the application of Ea to Freisleben Hansen and Pederson's equivalent age function, equivalent age is nearly constant, regardless of curing temperature and RP contents. This implies that the concept of maturity is applicable in estimating the setting time of concrete containing RP and CKD. A high correlation was observed between estimated setting time and measured setting time. A multiregression model was provided to determine setting time reflecting RP and CKD. Thus, the setting time estimation method studied herein can be applicable to concrete incorporating RP and CKD in the construction field.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• 제31권6호
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• pp.112-118
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• 2013

In this study, constant loading test (CLT) was performed to evaluate the hydrogen embrittlement resistance for multipass FCA weld metals of 600MPa tensile strength grade. The microstructures of weld metal-2 having the smallest carbon equivalent (Ceq=0.37) consisted of grain boundary ferrite and widmanstatten ferrite in the acicular ferrite matrix. The weld metal-1 having the largest Ceq=0.47, showed the microstructures of grain boundary ferrite, widmanstatten ferrite and the large amount of bainite (vol.%=19%) in the acicular ferrite matrix. The weld metal-3 having the Ceq=0.41, which was composed of grain boundary ferrite, widmanstatten ferrite, and the small amount of bainite (vol.%=9%) in the acicular ferrite matrix. Hydrogen desorption spectrometry (TDS) used to analyze the amount of diffusible hydrogen and trapping site for the hydrogen pre-charged specimens electrochemically for 24 hours. With increasing the current density of hydrogen pre-charging, the released amount of diffusible hydrogen was increased. Furthermore, as increasing carbon equivalent of weld metals, the released diffusible hydrogen was increased. The main trapping sites of diffusible hydrogen for the weld metal having a low carbon equivalent (Ceq=0.37) were grain boundaries and those of weld metals having a relatively high carbon equivalent (Ceq: 0.41~0.47) were grain boundaries and dislocation. The fracture time for the hydrogen pre-charged specimens in the constant loading test was decreased as the carbon equivalent increased from 0.37 to 0.47. This result is mainly due to the increment of bainite that is vulnerable to hydrogen embrittlement.

• International Journal of Control, Automation, and Systems
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.161-169
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• 2007

The PLL equivalent augmented system incorporated with state feedback is proposed in this paper. The optimal value of filter time constant of loop filter in the phase-locked loop control system and the optimal state feedback gain designed by using linear quadratic regulator approach are derived. This approach allows the PLL control system to employ the large value of the phase-frequency gain $K_d$ and voltage control oscillator gain $K_o$. In designing, the structure of phase-locked loop control system will be rearranged to be a phase-locked loop equivalent augmented system by including the structure of loop filter into the process and by considering the voltage control oscillator as an additional integrator. The designed controller consisting of state feedback gain matrix K and integral gain $k_1$ is an optimal controller. The integral gain $k_1$ related to weighting matrices q and R will be an optimal value for assigning the filter time constant of loop filter. The experimental results in controlling the second-order lag pressure process using two types of loop filters show that the system response is fast without steady-state error, the output disturbance effect rejection is fast and the tracking to step changes is good.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• 제19권spc1호
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• pp.429-436
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• 2005

This paper presents a precise and stable time integration method for dynamic analysis of vibration or multibody systems. A total system is divided into several subsystems and their responses are calculated separately, while the coupling effect is treated equivalently as constant force during time steps. By using iterative procedure to improve equivalent coupling forces, a precise and stable solution is obtained. Some examples such as a seismic response and multibody analyses were carried out to demonstrate its usefulness.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.849-865
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• 2016

Beside the invaluable advancements in constructing more secure buildings, the post-earthquake inspections have reported considerable damages. In other words, the modern buildings satisfactorily decrease fatalities but the monetary impacts still mostly remain an unsolved concern of the stakeholders, the insurance companies and society together. Therefore, the fundamental target of the researches shifted from current force-based seismic design regulations to the Performance-Based earthquake engineering (PBEE). At the moment, some probabilistic approaches, such as PEER framework have been developed to predict the performance of building at any desired hazard levels. These procedures are so time-consuming, to which many details are needed to be assigned. It causes their usage to be limited. On that account, developing more straightforward methods seems indispensable. The main objective of the present paper is to adapt an equivalent static method in different damage states. Consequently, constant damage spectrums corresponding to different limit states, soil types, ductility and fundamental periods are plotted and tri-linear formulas are proposed for further applications. Moreover, the sensitivity of outcomes to the employed hysteresis model, ductility, viscous damping and site soil type is investigated. Finally, a case study building with moment-resisting R.C. frame is evaluated based on the both of new and current methods to ensure applicability of the proposed method.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.1-9
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• 1985

In this study, the influence of carbon equivalents on friction welds of similar steels was investigated. Four types of steels with 15mm diameter tested in the wide range of carbon equivalents from 0.3 to 1.1 Main experimental results are summarized as follows : (1) Under the constant burn-off length, the friction time becomes longer with the increasing carbon equivalent, but the upset length shows no consistent tendencies. (2) Due to the recrystallization in the contact area, the maximum hardness occurs some away from the contact surface. And it increases almost linearly with the increasing carbon equivalent. (3) Even a steel with 1.1 C.E. can be friction welded to make defect-free welds. (4) With the increasing carbon equivalent, the bend angle and charpy impact value decrease very rapidly in the range from 0.3 C. E., but remain nearly unchanged for C. E. higher than 0.6. (5) Heat treatment of the base metals before welding has very little influence on the mechanical properties of welds. On the other hand, normalizing of the welds improves the bend angle and charpy impact value, but its effect becomes almost negligible, when the carbon equivalents are higher than 0.6.

• Structural Monitoring and Maintenance
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.219-234
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• 2024

The strength reduction factor spectrum is traditionally obtained from a single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) system with a constant damping coefficient. However, according to the principle of Rayleigh damping, the damping coefficient matrix of a system changes with the stiffness matrix, and the damping coefficient of an equivalent SDOF system changes with the tangent stiffness coefficient. In view of that, this study proposes an equivalent SDOF system with an adaptive damping coefficient and derives a standardized reaction balance equation. By iteratively adjusting the strength reduction factor, the corresponding spectrum with an equivalent ductility factor is obtained. In addition, the ratio between the strength reduction factor that considers adaptive damping and the traditional strength reduction factor, denoted by η, is determined, and the η-μ-T relationship is obtained. Seismic records of Classes C, D, and E sites are selected as excitations. Moreover, a nonlinear response time-history analysis is performed to establish the relationship between the η and T values for the equivalent ductility factor μ. Further, by exploring the effects of the site class, ductility factor, second-order stiffness coefficient, and period T on the mean value of η, a simplified calculation equation of mean η is derived, and η is used as a modified value for the traditional strength reduction factor R spectrum.