• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.395-405
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• 2008

The objective of this study was to set priority for future core technologies in agricultural and environmental science using analytic hierarchy process(AHP). Forty-six technologies were derived by specialist meetings. Evaluation criteria, for setting the priority were decided as 'technology', 'marketability', and 'public'. Eighteen specialists in agricultural and environmental science answered to the questionnaire for AHP. As the results, 'technology' was decided as the most important evaluation criterion. The 'Feasibility' in 'technology' criterion, 'Market Growth' in 'marketability' criterion, and 'Impact to other industry' in 'public' criterion were decided as sub-criteria in each criterion. The most important technology was 'Risk assessment of toxic heavy metals and establishment of accreditation criteria for environmentally friendly agricultural products.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.19 no.spc
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• pp.242-246
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• 2011

Organic kiwifruit orchard soils were compared with conventional ones in Korea. Soil structure of organic soil had higher gaseous and liquous phase as well as soil porosity in the surface soil. Although the nutritional level of each orchards were quite different among soils, the analysis of both system revealed that organic kiwifruit orchard soil had similar or even higher nutrient level (N and organic matter content in surface soil) compared to conventional ones. The organic matter content of deep soil also had the high tendency in deep soil of organic soil. Higher level of nitrogen in organic surface soil is presumably due to the excessive application of organic compost and liquid fertilizer rather than the contribution by grasses such as green manure. Available phosphorous level of organic system was quite high but similar in surface soil of both system, compared to the recommended level. Potassium, calcium and magnesium levels were also enough in organic kiwifruit orchard soils.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.209-220
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• 2013

Root colonization by Pseudomonas chlororaphis O6 induces systemic drought tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana. Microarray analysis was performed using the 22,800-gene Affymetrix GeneChips to identify differentially-expressed genes from plants colonized with or without P. chlororaphis O6 under drought stressed conditions or normal growth conditions. Root colonization in plants grown under regular irrigation condition increased transcript accumulation from genes associated with defense, response to reactive oxygen species, and auxin- and jasmonic acid-responsive genes, but decreased transcription factors associated with ethylene and abscisic acid signaling. The cluster of genes involved in plant disease resistance were up-regulated, but the set of drought signaling response genes were down-regulated in the P. chlororaphis O6-colonized under drought stress plants compared to those of the drought stressed plants without bacterial treatment. Transcripts of the jasmonic acid-marker genes, VSP1 and pdf-1.2, the salicylic acid regulated gene, PR-1, and the ethylene-response gene, HEL, also were up-regulated in plants colonized by P. chlororaphis O6, but differed in their responsiveness to drought stress. These data show how gene expression in plants lacking adequate water can be remarkably influenced by microbial colonization leading to plant protection, and the activation of the plant defense signal pathway induced by root colonization of P. chlororaphis O6 might be a key element for induced systemic tolerance by microbes.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.110-123
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• 2008

The use of CCA as a wood preservative was recently inhibited due to its environmental pollution and human harmfulness. Instead of CCA, copper azole (CuAz) and alkaline copper quaternary (ACQ) have been used as alternative wood preservatives, but the price of the preservatives is much more expensive than that of CCA. As a substitute for high-priced CuAz and ACQ, environmentally friendly wood preservatives were formulated with okara, which is an organic waste from the production of tofu. Prior to formulating the preservatives, okara was hydrolyzed by three levels of sulfuric acid concentration (1, 2.5 and 5%) to easily penetrate the effective components of the preservatives into wood blocks. Final preservative solutions were formulated with the hydrolyzed okara and metal salts, such as copper sulfate, copper chloride and borax. The preservatives were treated into wood blocks by vacuum-pressure method to measure the treatability of the preservatives, and the treated wood blocks were placed in hot water for three days to measure the leachability of the preservatives. The effective components of the preservatives might be successfully penetrated into wood blocks through the uses of hydrolyzed okara and ammonia water. However, the leached amount of effective components was increased as the concentration of acid used for the hydrolysis of okara increased. The treatability and leachability of the preservatives were not affected by hydrolysis temperature but negatively affected by the addition of borax. Based on the results above, the optimal conditions for formulating okara-based wood preservatives cost-effectively and environmentally might be 1% acid hydrolysis of okara and the use of $CuCl_2$ as a metal salt. In addition, the treatability and leachability of okara-based wood preservatives were superior or no differences comparing with those of CuAz. Therefore, it is concluded that okara-based wood preservatives might have a potential to be used as an environmentally friendly wood preservative.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.61-76
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• 2009

The purpose of this study are to investigate the reasonable maintenance expense of golf course according to the size and management system of each golf course. The maintenance cost per hole per golfer of 29 golf courses and the maintenance cost for items and locations of 8 golf courses were analyzed. 1. As golfers per hole increased, maintenance cost per hole per golfer decreased. 2. The decisive cost factors for maintenance cost of golf course are the number of annual golfers, the total course size, the management system, and automation of course facilities. 3. Maintenance cost of golf courses contained the landscaping areas except for building and parking lots is $869^{\}/_{m^2}$ Korean won. 4. Average maintenance cost of 8 golf courses is $44,325,000^{\}/_{hole}$. 5. Labor cost marked the largest portion in the total cost. Among the items of labor cost, repair cost for green ball mark was the highest with the ratio of 26%(\4,163,000). 6. Material cost for Fairways which reaches 30% of the total area was composed of $22%{\sim}44%$ of the total cost of materials. Cost of imported fertilizers, pestcides for insects and diseases, and sands for top dressing was the highest. 7. Material cost for Green which reaches 2% of the total area was composed of $28%{\sim}36%$ of the total cost. Cost of imported products such as particle-shaped fertilizers, micro mineral fertilizers, and soil conditioners was the highest. 8. There is no difference in cost between chemical fertilizers and the environmentally friendly fertilizers even if environmentally friendly fertilizers using microorganism or chitosan materials are also expensive.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.177-185
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• 2017

Bacillus amyloliquefaciens LM11 was isolated from the feces of larvae of the rhino beetle and showed strong antifungal activities against various phytopathogenic fungi by producing biosurfactants. In this study, our overall goal was to determine relationship between biosurfactants produced from the LM11 strain and its role in growth inhibition of phytopathogenic fungi. Production and expression levels of B. amyloliquefaciens LM11 biosurfactants were significantly differed depending on growth phases. Transcriptional and biochemical analysis indicated that the biosurfactants of the LM11 strain were greatly enhanced in late log-phase to stationary phase. Inhibitions of phytopathogenic mycelial growth and spore germination were directly correlated (P<0.001, R=0.761) with concentrations of the LM11 cell-free culture filtrates. The minimum inhibitory surface tension of the culture filtrate of the B. amyloliquefaciens LM11 grown in stationary phase to inhibit mycelial growth of the phytopathogenic fungi was 38.5 mN/m (P<0.001, R=0.951-0.977). Our results indicated that the biosurfactants of B. amyloliquefaciens LM11 act as key antifungal metabolites in biocontrol of plant diseases, and measuring surface tension of the cell-free culture fluids can be used as an easy indicator for optimal usage of the biocontrol agents.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.17-23
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• 2013

The reduction of metal ion from the cotton linter for the preparation of NMMO (N-methylmorpholine N-oxide)-based dissolving pulp was investigated. The NMMO-based dissolving pulp was usually used for the manufacture of high quality fabrics, and need to have high alpha cellulose content and high brightness. NMMO, which is environmentally friendly, and reusable after recovering process, is very sensitive to the metal ions such as Cu, Fe, Mg, and Cr. Electron beam, sulfuric acid, acetic acid, and ozone treatment before bleaching were used and the concentration changes of the metal ions were compared to that of EDTA, a chelating agent. It was found that both acid treatments (sulfuric and acetic acid) were very effective and comparable to EDTA treatment at the same dosage in metal ion reduction, but electron beam and ozone treatment were not. The sulfuric acid treatment turned out to be effective in metal ion reduction, and most inexpensive.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.601-614
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• 2018

Chitosan with a natural antimicrobial property has been introduced to protect horticultural crops from diseases as an environmentally friendly method. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the pre-harvest application of chitosan on growth and quality during the late stage of fruit development and on the simulated marketing of the peach fruit (Prunus persica L.). The application of chitosan with calcium chloride ($100mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$) three times at one week intervals 4 weeks before the harvest significantly increased the fruit weight, changed the fruit shape, and reduced the fruit length/diameter ratio giving the peach fruits a round oblate shape. The calcium treatment contributed to enhancing or maintaining the storage potential by increasing the flesh firmness. However, at higher concentrations of $CaCl_2$, i.e., > $600mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$, the positive effects of the chitosan application were offset, and fruit growth was not affected by calcium alone. The application of the chitosan/calcium mixture delayed fruit softening; however, this effect was shortened when the storage temperature was $20^{\circ}C$ rather than $15^{\circ}C$. The internal quality of the fruit was profoundly affected by the concentration of calcium added to the chitosan, and delayed fruit maturation was observed at a higher concentration of calcium. The pre-harvest application of chitosan with calcium contributes to the enhancement of food safety by inhibiting the occurrence of diseases during postharvest handling. Considering the above results, chitosan has the potential to improve both the yield of peach fruits and their storability. Because chitosan can enhance the freshness and shelf-life of fresh produce, it is necessary to examine its effects on other horticultural crops.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.371-376
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• 2012

This study was conducted to predict the hatching time of eggs of Lycorma delicatula, to select an effective environmentally-friendly agriculture material (EFAM) and to evaluate the attraction effect of brown sticky traps for controling of Lycorma delicatula nymph and adults. Eggs hatched 55.9, 26.8, 21.6 days after incubation at 15, 20, $25^{\circ}C$ with 14L:10D condition and the hatching rates of egg were 61.9, 57.8, 30.4%, respectively. At high temperature conditions, egg development periods were shorter and the hatching rate was lower. The relationship between temperature and developmental rate was expressed by the linear equation Y=0.0028X-0.0228, $R^2$=0.9561. The low temperature threshold of eggs was $8.14^{\circ}C$ and the thermal constant required to reach larva was 355.4 DD. According to this relationship, the mean estimated hatching date was $22^{nd}$ May. The effective EFAM was natural plant extract, sophora extract, derris extract to nymph and natural plant extract, pyrethrum extract, sophora extract to adult. Among three colors of sticky trap : brown, blue and yellow, the brown sticky trap was the most attractive to nymphs and adults of L. delicatula over a 2 weeks trial period. It suggested that the brown sticky trap could be a very useful and environment-friendly control method for nymphs and adults of L. delicatula.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.129-145
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• 2014

To evaluate the potential of Hypochoeris radicata L. for the development of environment-friendly organic materials, its growth characteristics, allelopathic effects and antifungal activity was investigated. The growth characteristics of H. radicata L. was investigated by measuring comparative number of shoot and flower, and the diameters of clones in mowing areas and non-mowing areas, respectively. As a result, the number of shoot and flower, and diameters of clones of H. radicata L. grown in mowing areas were much higher than those grown in non-mowing areas. Water extracts of H. radicata L. inhibited seed germination, and shoot, root and root hair growth of 14 test plants including Trifolium pratense, Festuca myuros, Bidens bipinnata and finally reduced heir biomass remarkably. The inhibitory effect of the extract was different depending on the kind and the part of tested plants. The extracts showed high antifungal activity against Pythium spp. and Phytophthora However, it showed comparably less antifungal activity against Rhizoctonia solani than Pythium spp. and Phytophthora. In conclusion, cutting H. radicata L. resulted increase of its vegetative and seed propagation and helped it to form large colony. Also it had an effect on growth of microbes and germination and growth of other plants. Therefore H. radicata L. holds the competitive dominant position in plant ecosystem in Jeju Island and it can be used as candidate of environment-friendly organic materials.