• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.99-115
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• 1999

Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) is an important part of interorganizational electronic commerce due to the strategic impact derived from its use. In order to ensure successful implementation of EDI, EDI controls must first be developed. Because they are implemented in an environmental context, the characteristics of organizational environments have a significant impact on EDI controls. The control strategy for the EDI system - formal, informal, and automated controls - should fit certain organizational environments. A research model has been developed to depict the moderating effects of six environmental variables including industry, organizational, and task characteristics on the relationships between controls and implementation. It is shown empirically that the relationships between EDI controls and implementation are indeed affected by these factors. The results can help management design formal, informal, and automated controls in view of their own environmental contexts.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.203-215
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• 2010

This study is an overview of toxicities and measurement techniques of ultrafine particles (UFPs), and their exposure controls. UFPs are ubiquitous in many working situations. Exposure to UFPs is possibly causing adverse health symptoms including cardio-respiratory disease to humans. In order to measure exposure levels of airborne UFPs, there are current available measurement guidelines, instruments and other techniques (i.e. contour mapping, control banding). However, these risk assessment techniques including measurement techniques, controls and guidelines are dependent on background levels, metrics (e.g. size, mass, number, surface area, composition), environmental conditions and controls. There are no standardized measurement methods available and no generic and specific occupational exposure standards for UFPs. It is thought that there needs to be more effort to develop Regulations and Exposure Standards for generic UFPs should be based on more exposure data, health surveys, toxicological data and epidemiological data. A carefully considered hierarchy of controls can also reduce the maximum amount of airborne UFPs being emitted from diverse sources in industries.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.79 no.4
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• pp.234-240
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• 2016

Transmission of tuberculosis (TB) is a recognized risk to patients and healthcare workers in healthcare settings. The literature review suggests that implementation of combination control measures reduces the risk of TB transmission. Guidelines suggest a three-level hierarchy of controls including administrative, environmental, and respiratory protection. Among environmental controls, installation of ventilation systems is a priority because ventilation reduces the number of infectious particles in the air. Natural ventilation is cost-effective but depends on climatic conditions. Supplemented intervention such as air-cleaning methods including high efficiency particulate air filtration and ultraviolet germicidal irradiation should be considered in areas where adequate ventilation is difficult to achieve. Personal protective equipment including particulate respirators provides additional benefit when administrative and environmental controls cannot assure protection.

• International conference on construction engineering and project management
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• 2022.06a
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• pp.975-983
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• 2022

This paper presents an innovative way of integrating scheduling and project controls with the environmental impact of a construction project to track, monitor, and manage environmental emissions at the activity level. As a starting point, scheduling and project controls help monitor the status of a project to provide an assessment of the duration and sequence of activities. Additionally, project schedules can also reflect resource allocation and costs associated with various phases of a construction project. Owners, contractors and construction managers closely monitor tasks or activities on the critical path(s) and/or longest path(s) calculated through network based scheduling techniques. However, existing industry practices do not take into account environmental impact associated with each activity during the life cycle of a project. Although the environmental impact of a project may be tracked in various ways, that tracking is not tied to the project schedule and, as such, generally is not updated when schedules are revised. In this research, a Cradle to Gate approach is used to estimate environmental emissions associated with each activity of a sample project schedule. The research group has also investigated the potential determination of scenarios of lowest environmental emissions, just as project managers currently determine scenarios with lowest cost or time. This methodology can be scaled up for future work to develop a library of unit emissions associated with commonly used construction materials and equipment. This will be helpful for project owners, contractors, and construction managers to monitor, manage, and reduce the carbon footprint associated with various projects.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.375-382
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• 2008

Bisphenol A (BPA) and di-2-ethyhexyl phthalate (DEHP) is the considerably hazardous materials, endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), which is accumulated to the human's fat and tissue. We studied the relationship between the concentrations of BPA and DEHP in the precocious puberty and the normal controls using GC/MSD. BPA concentrations of the precocious puberty are lower than that of normal controls. But DEHP concentrations of the precocious puberty are higher than that of normal controls. From these results, BPA is not related to the precocious puberty. Otherwise, DEHP is somewhat related to the precocious puberty and the concentrations of the precocious puberty are approximately 45% higher than that of normal controls.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.57-65
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• 1993

The cultivtion efficiencies of enzyme treated nightsoil liquid manure were investigated. As a result of applying the liquid manure prepared by the nightsoil digestion due to aerobic or anoxic conditions with enzyme treatement to cultivate greenstuffs as compared with the controls (conventional cultivation) due to application of none enzyme treated fertilizer, the yield was markedly increased. In the cases of kidney bean, seedleaves were increased over 2~4 times and stem growth and diameter was increased 40% as compared the controls. Finally, cultivation yield of liquid manure prepared by the nightsoil aerobic or anoxic digestion with enzyme treatment were more increased as compared with the controls.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.755-765
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• 2011

Nitrous oxide ($N_2O$) is one of six greenhouse gases listed up in the Kyoto Protocol, and it effects a strong global warming because of its much greater global warming potential (GWP), by 310 times over a 100-year time horizon, than $CO_2$. Although such $N_2O$ emissions from both natural and anthropogenic sources occur, the latter can be controlled using suitable abatement technologies, depending on them, to reduce $N_2O$ below acceptable or feasible levels. This paper has extensively reviewed the anthropogenic $N_2O$ emission sources and their related compositions, and the state-of-the-art non-catalytic and catalytic technologies of the emissions controls available currently to representative, large $N_2O$ emission sources, such as adipic acid production plants. Challengeable approaches to this source are discussed to promote establishment of advanced $N_2O$ emission control technologies.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.518-526
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• 2010

There are millions of deaths from cancer worldwide every year. Among them, 4~10% are considered to be attributable to occupational factors and 0.6 million workers die annually from work-related cancers. Occupational cancers are relatively preventable compared with the cancers associated with other factors. In the developed countries, especially in Europe, there have been hundreds of occupational cancers reported annually in the respective nation-states. However, there were only 35 cases reported in Korea in the 1990s which were accepted as being work-related cancers. This difference might be related to a low level of recognition, detection, and acceptance of occupational cancer and carcinogens in Korea. To prevent the risk of exposure to carcinogens a comprehensive list of carcinogens must be prepared. This should be followed by timely dissemination of information which will enable fundamental controls to be implemented, such as the imposition of ban, substitution, and engineering controls. This will require setting up procedures to record the past use and exposure data and carrying out robust statistical analyses of that data on occupational cancers and carcinogens.

• Wind and Structures
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• v.6 no.5
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• pp.387-402
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• 2003

In the past decades, much effort has been made towards the study of single-mode-based vibration controls with dynamic energy absorbers such as single or multiple Tuned Mass Dampers(TMDs). With the increase of bridge span length and the tendency of the bridge cross-section being more slender and streamlined, multi-mode coupled vibrations as well as their controls have become very important for large bridges susceptible to strong winds. As a simple but effective device, the TMD system especially the semi-active one has become a promising option for such coupled vibration controls. However, despite various studies of optimal controls of single-mode-based vibrations with TMDs, research on the corresponding controls of the multi-mode coupled vibrations is very rare so far. For the development of a semi-active control strategy to suppress the multi-mode coupled vibrations, a comprehensive parametric analysis on the optimal variables of this control is substantial. In the present study, a multi-mode control strategy named "three-row" TMD system is discussed and the general numerical equations are developed at first. Then a parametric study on the optimal control variables for the "three-row" TMD system is conducted for a prototype Humen Suspension Bridge, through which some useful information and a better understanding of the optimal control variables to suppress the coupled vibrations are obtained. This information lays a foundation for the design of semi-active control.

• The Magazine for Energy Service Companies
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• s.1
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• pp.44-45
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• 1999