• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.40 no.3 s.184
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• pp.307-318
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• 2007

The occurrence of geothermal water has high correlates highly with fossil geothermal system. A fuzzy logic based data integration is applied for geothermal potential mapping in the Southern Gyeongsang Basin which is distributed in the regional fossil geothermal system. Several data sets are related with the origin and distribution of fossil geothermal system, such as the geological map, the density of lineaments, the aerial survey map of magnetic intensity, the map of hydrothermal alteration, the distribution density of hydrothermal mines, which were collected as thematic maps for the integration. Fuzzy membership functions for all thematic maps were compared to the locations of the spa hot springs, which were used as ground-truth control points. After integrating all thematic maps, the results of gamma operator (${\gamma}=0.1$) was showed the highest success rate, and new geothermal potential zone is prospected in some area.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.207-213
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• 2009

Starch serves not only as an energy source for plants, animals, and humans but also as an environmentally friendly alternative for fossil fuels. Progress in understanding of starch biosynthesis, and the isolation of many genes involved in this process have enabled the genetic modification of crops in a rational manner to produce novel starches with improved functionality. Starch is composed of two glucose polymers, amylose and amylopectin. The amylose and amylopectin ratio in starch affects its physical and physicochemical properties. Alteration in starch structure can be achieved by modifying genes encoding the enzymes responsible for starch biosynthesis and starch hydrolysis. Here, we describe recent findings concerning the starch modification in sweetpotato. Sweetpotato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam] ranks seventh in annual production among food crops in the world as an important starch source. To develop transgenic sweetpotato plants with modifying starch composition, we constructed transformation vectors overexpressing granule bound starch synthase I and inhibiting amylopectin synthesis genes such as starch branching enzyme and isoamylase under the control of 35S promoter, respectively. Transformation of sweetpotato (cv. Yulmi) is in progress.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.768-783
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• 2006

Biological stream environment assessment has been an essential trend of aquatic ecosystems among advanced countries, because the chemical water quality assessment has limitations that only represent temporal water environmental status. Benthic macroinvertebrates are the most popular bioindicator group useful to biological water quality assessment for a long time. In addition, a number of indices using benthic macroinvertebrates have recently been developed not only for water quality assessment but also for ecological health assessment. In this paper Korean Saprobic Index (KSI) based on Zelinka-Marvan's saprobic valency concept is developed by applying DIN 38410 in Germany. The KSI value was widely applicable to most Korean streams with the exception of sand-based large streams, for example main stream of Nakdong River. But as a result of non-linear regression analysis the correlation between KSI and $BOD_5$ concentration was high and KSI reflected water quality alteration for mid and long-term period. In spite of applicability of KSI, it should be supplemented and developed to make it strong by accumulating field data as well as to manage integrated water environment in general through continuous biomonitoring.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.47-54
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• 2016

Background: The roots of Panax ginseng contain noble tetracyclic triterpenoid saponins derived from dammarenediol-II. Dammarene-type ginsenosides are classified into the protopanaxadiol (PPD) and protopanaxatriol (PPT) groups based on their triterpene aglycone structures. Two cytochrome P450 (CYP) genes (CYP716A47 and CYP716A53v2) are critical for the production of PPD and PPT aglycones, respectively. CYP716A53v2 is a protopanaxadiol 6-hydroxylase that catalyzes PPT production from PPD in P. ginseng. Methods: We constructed transgenic P. ginseng lines overexpressing or silencing (via RNA interference) the CYP716A53v2 gene and analyzed changes in their ginsenoside profiles. Result: Overexpression of CYP716A53v2 led to increased accumulation of CYP716A53v2 mRNA in all transgenic roots compared to nontransgenic roots. Conversely, silencing of CYP716A53v2 mRNA in RNAi transgenic roots resulted in reduced CYP716A53v2 transcription. HPLC analysis revealed that transgenic roots overexpressing CYP716A53v2 contained higher levels of PPT-group ginsenosides ($Rg_1$, Re, and Rf) but lower levels of PPD-group ginsenosides (Rb1, Rc, $Rb_2$, and Rd). By contrast, RNAi transgenic roots contained lower levels of PPT-group compounds and higher levels of PPD-group compounds. Conclusion: The production of PPD- and PPT-group ginsenosides can be altered by changing the expression of CYP716A53v2 in transgenic P. ginseng. The biological activities of PPD-group ginsenosides are known to differ from those of the PPT group. Thus, increasing or decreasing the levels of PPT-group ginsenosides in transgenic P. ginseng may yield new medicinal uses for transgenic P. ginseng.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.22 no.7
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• pp.1005-1014
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• 2012

The understanding of the relationship between ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) communities in activated sludge and the operational treatment parameters supports the control of the treatment of ammonia-rich wastewater. The modifications of treatment parameters by alteration of the number and length of aerobic and anaerobic stages in the sequencing batch reactor (SBR) working cycle may influence the efficiency of ammonium oxidation and induce changes in the AOB community. Therefore, in the research, the impact of an SBR cycle mode with alternating aeration/mixing conditions (7 h/1 h vs. 4 h/5.5 h) and volumetric exchange rate (n) on AOB abundance and diversity in activated sludge during the treatment of anaerobic sludge digester supernatant at limited oxygen concentration in the aeration stage (0.7 mg $O_2/l$) was assessed. AOB diversity expressed by the Shannon-Wiener index (H') was determined by the cycle mode. At aeration/mixing stage lengths of 7 h/1 h, H' averaged $2.48{\pm}0.17$, while at 4 h/5.5 h it was $2.35{\pm}0.16$. At the given mode, AOB diversity decreased with increasing n. The cycle mode did not affect AOB abundance; however, a higher AOB abundance in activated sludge was promoted by decreasing the volumetric exchange rate. The sequences clustering with Nitrosospira sp. NpAV revealed the uniqueness of the AOB community and the simultaneously lower ability of adaptation of Nitrosospira sp. to the operational parameters applied in comparison with Nitrosomonas sp.

• Environmental Mutagens and Carcinogens
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.77-82
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• 1998

In order to compare the suppressive effect of galangin on the genotoxicity by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) or benzo[a]pyrene B(a)P, in vivo micronycleus test using mouse peripheral blood and in vitro sister chromatid exchange(SCE) test using mouse spleen lymphocytes were performed. MNU or B(a)P-induced micronucleated reticulocytes in vivo was decreased by the simultaneous treatment of galangin. MNU or B(a)P-induced SCEs in vitro was also decreased by the simultaneous treatment of galangin. On the other hand, the determinations of [$^3$H]MNU-induced total DNA binding and methylated DNA were performed to find out the mechanism of action. [$^3$H]MNU-induced total DNA binding was inhibited by the treatment of galangin in calf thymus DNA. HPLC analysis of DNA hydrolysates showed that galangin caused a decrease of 7-methyl guanine and $O^{6}$-methyl guanine in calf thymus DNA. To elucidate the action mechanism of galangin against B(a)P, alteration of B(a)P metabolism was studied. Galangin inhibited B(a)P metabolism in the presence of S-9 mix and decreased B(a)P-DNA binding in calf thymus DNA with S-9 mix.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.88-96
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• 1999

The effect of acute cadmium-neuropathy on phospholipid metabolism in rat sciatic nerve was investigated. An animal model of cadmium neuropathy was induced by feeding diet containing cadmium to Sprague-Dawley rat for two weeks. Four weeks aged Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups : normal control group, 10ppm-cadmium treated group, 100ppm-cadmium treated group, 1000ppm-cadmium treated group, reference drug, myo-inositol-treated group. All rats were sacrificed at the end of two weeks. The rate of incorporation of 2-[3H]myo-inositol into polyphosphinositide was significantly decreased while the rates of incorporation into phospholipid of titratedserine, ethanolamine and choline were unchanged in sciatic nerve obtained from cadmium-treated rat. Continuously the activities of three enzymes concerned with inositol phospholiped metabolism were measured in homogenates of rat sciatic nerves. Cystidine diglyceride transferase and phophatidylinositol kinase showed significantly decreased activities while phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate kinase did not show any significant change in activity by cadmium treatment. However these deficits of inositol phospholipid metabolism were ameliorated by myo-inositol administration and these effectiveness were more potent in lower dose cadmiumtreated rats than higher dose cadmium-treated rats. These results suggest that cadmium intoxicated peripheral nerve with perturbation of the ployphosphoinositide metabolism and alteration of the enzyme activity which concerned with myo-inositol metabolism.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.341-354
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• 1989

Mineralogy and geochemistry of five pyrophyllite deposits in Yangsan-Milyang area such as Cheonbulsan, Dumyong, Dongrae, Youkwang, and Sungjin mines were investigated. Pyrophyllite ores consist mainly of pyrophyllite, sericite, and quartz with some amounts of kaolinite and pyrite. Polytype of pyrophyllite is 2M. Sericite has two polytypes of 1M and 2M1. The ${\delta}^{18}O$ values of pyrophyllite from the Cheonbulsan and the Dumyong mines were measured as 0.23-0.60‰ and 3.40‰, respectively, and those of montmorillonite and kaolinite from the Dumyong mine were in the range of 11.90-12.06‰. This low oxygen isotope composition provides conclusive evidence for hydrothermal activity in the studied area. Contents of major elements are more useful than those of trace elements to discriminate altered zones such as pyrophyllite, sericite, argillic, and andalusite zones from the surrounding rocks. Particularly, contents of $K_2O$, $Na_2O$ and CaO are helpful to identify alteration zones from the discriminant and the cluster analysis of multi-element data.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.19-30
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• 2000

The Sannae-Eonyang granitic rocks are a large fossil hydrothermal system containing the Sannae Mo-W fissure-vein type and the Eonyang amethyst deposits in the southeastern Kyongsang Basin. They evolved through similar stages showing the similarities in chemical and mineralogical compositions, fractionation trends and early magmatic fluids. Major, trace and rare earth element(REE) variations can be accounted for fractional crystallization combined with variable degrees of metasomatism. Based on the aqueous fluids exsolved directly from the crystallizing melt, the Sannae-Eonyang granitic rocks were emplaced at similar depth or pressure conditions. High temperature fluid interaction with the granitic rocks affects the elements such as K, Na, Rb, Ba, Sr, Eu, and heavy REE (HREE) mostly through feldspar re-equilibration. Although hydrothermal fluids produced partly positive Eu anomalies and HREE depletion in the granitic rocks at the Sannae Mo-W mine, the chemical concentrations defining fractionnation trends have survived the effects of alteration. Aqueous fluids exsolved from the crystallizing melt appears to be widespread, whereas fluids of moderate to low salinity and low-density with relatively high homogenization temperatures and $Co_2$-rich fluids appear to be mainly restricted and responsible for Mo-W and amethyst mineralization, respectively. Hydrothermal system of the Sannae-Eonyang granitic rocks represents repeated fluid events; from exsolution of aqueous fluids from the crystallizing melt, through fluid immiscibility and meteoric convection to later mineralization.

• 보존과학연구
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• s.26
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• pp.77-101
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• 2005

In ancient times, many kinds of difference inorganic and organic pigment were used as colorants for making objects. This study has proved the damage regions on the aging conditions of the silk dyeing traditional pigment. so whiteness, tensile strength and digital-microscope were measured to examine the state of silk dyeing traditional pigments pretreated under each aging condition. From the result examining the state, all the silk dyeing traditional pigments were best condition at low temperature(-20/RT)and normal condition and damaged at high temperature($60^{\circ}C$) and 2ppm $SO_2$condition and UV condition. As a result of X-ray diffraction analysis of crystalline structure for the silk dyeing traditional pigments, most of specimens have nearly changed crystalline structure despite specimens had each other different conditions and times. Especially, specimens which was passing of 4-8 months have not changed in its crystalline structure. But some specimens like a Unghwang and Seokcheong have a little changed in its intensity in the XRD peak. Consequently, If we want to find out alteration of crystalline structure for the silk dyeing traditional pigments using scientific method according to change of environmental conditions, we must guarantee of equal state and strengthen of environmental conditions in specimen. Additionally, the term of experiment need to belong, and specimens which was experimented and analyzed must be same.