• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.735-746
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• 2016

This study was conducted to investigate the antibacterial, antioxidant, and in vitro greenhouse gas mitigation activities of fermented Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi extract. Seven starter cultures were used, comprising four of lactic acid bacteria and three of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Ten grams of S. baicalensis Georgi powder was diluted in 90 mL autoclaved MRS broth. Each seed culture was inoculated with 3-10% (v/v) S. baicalensis Georgi MRS broth and incubated at $30^{\circ}C$ for 48 h. Among the starter cultures used, only Lactobacillus plantarum EJ43 could withstand the fermentation conditions. This fermentation broth was dried and extracted with ethanol to assess its antibacterial, antioxidant, and in vitro methane mitigation activities. The extract of S. baicalensis Georgi fermented by L. plantarum EJ43 (SBLp) showed higher antibacterial activity (bigger clear zone) compared to the unfermented S. baicalensis Georgi extract (SB0). SBLp also presented 1.2 folds higher antioxidant activity than SB0. During in vitro rumen fermentation, SBLp showed reduction in methane production compared to SB0 or the control. In conclusion, fermentation by L. plantarum EJ43 may enhance antibacterial and antioxidant activities of S. baicalensis Georgi and decrease enteric methane production.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.73-78
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• 1997

Purpose : Escherichia coli O157 can produce diarrhea as well as hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome. In many parts of North America, E. coli O157 often is the second or third most commonly isolated enteric bacterial pathogens. Recently, intakes of fast food, including hamburgers have increased in Korea. Therefore, E. coli O157 infection in Korea are likely to be increased. Methods : Stool samples from 317 pediatric diarrheal patients were analyzed by culture on sorbitol-MacConkey agar. Sorbitol-negative colonies were teated by E. coli O157 latex agglutination test. Results : Of the 317 specimens, one (0.3%) were E. coli O157:NM that not produced Shiga toxin. The 7 year old male patient who had complained of abdominal pain, vomiting and non-bloody diarrhea for 2 days. The patient was improved for 2 days after admission. Conclusions 1 Only one (0.3%) of all fecal samples were isolated E. coli O157 that not produced Shiga toxin. Therefore, routine stool culture for the isolation of E. coli O157 was not likely to be neccessary so far.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.415-421
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• 2003

It is now generally accepted that acupuncture is effective in diarrhea caused by bacterial infection. However, its effect on the intestinal smooth muscle dysfunction is not clear. Therefore, we investigated the effect of acupuncture therapy at Jiao-chao (GV-1) on the intestinal muscle dysfunction in weaning piglets orally infected by Escherichia coli. The animals are divided into four groups; 1) E. coli + no-treatment, 2) E. coli + antibiotic, 3) E. coli + acupuncture, 4) normal group. In the three E. coli infected groups, low frequency electrical field stimulation (EFS, 1 Hz) provoked triphasic responses composed of initial relaxation followed by on-contraction and off-contraction. While in the normal group, EFS (1Hz) induced biphasic responses composed of relaxation during the stimulation and off-contraction. At the high frequency (16Hz) EFS, both on-contraction and off-contraction of the E. coli + antibiotic, E. coli + acupuncture and the normal group were larger than those of the E. coli + no-treatment group. In the non-adrenergic non-cholinergic (NANC) condition, only biphasic responses occurred to EFS in all experimental groups and the off-contraction of E. coli + antibiotic, E. coli + acupuncture and the normal group were larger than those of the E. coli + no-treatment group. The response to carbachol of those three groups was also significantly greater than that of the E. coli + no-treatment group. These results suggest that acupuncture is as effective as antibiotic in the dysfunction of colonic circular muscle caused by E. coli infection. The maintenance of contractile neuromuscular transmission seems to be involved in the mechanism of the acupuncture effects on diarrhea.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.517-527
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• 1994

An attempt was made to isolate a causative viral agents from the fecal specimens of the diseased dogs with the gastroenteritis symptoms. Two coronavirus-like agents were isolated by serial dilution end point method and plaque assay. The isolates were characterized in terms of cytopathology, antigenicity, replication, physicochemical and morphological properties. The results obtained through the experiment were as follows; 1. Among 7 fecal specimens collected from the dogs with enteric disease, 2(28.6%)coronavirus-like agents showing typical cytopathic effects of canine coronavirus were isolated, and designated as CCV D1 and CCV D2, respectively. 2. By the cross-neutralization test and indirect immunofluoresence antibody test, the isolates were antigenically indentified as the standard CCV. The viruses were replicated only in the cytoplasm of A-72 cells. 3. The isolates showed no haemagglutinating activity against the erythrocytes from 11 kinds of animals. 4. The electron microscopic observation for the isolates showed spherical and pleomorphic features, covered with club-shaped projections on the surface. The size of particles was ranged from 70 to 150nm. 5. In one-step growth curve for the isolates in A-72 cells, maximum titers of intracellular vius was $10^{4.6}$ $TCID_{50}/0.1ml$ at 46 hrs postinoculation(pi) of CCV Dl and $10^{4.4}$ $TCID_{50}/0.1ml$ at 34 hrs pi of CCV D2. The maximum titers of extracellular virus was $10^{5.5}$ $TCID_{50}/0.1ml$ at 58 hrs pi of CCV D1 and $10^{5.8}$ $TCID_{50}/0.1ml$ at 46 hrs pi of CCV D2. 6. In physicochemical property test, the isolates were very sensitive to choroform and were found to be RNA virus. The viruses was stable at pH 3.0 for 1 hr and at $22{^{\circ}C}$ for 5 hrs. However, infectivity titers reduced remarkably by treatment with $56{^{\circ}C}$ for 10min.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.505-519
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• 2008

For screening the appropriate field diagnostic techniques to failure of passive immunoglobulin transfer(FPT) in Korean-indigenous calves, 258 sera was examined by spectinophotometry for total protein(TP) and globulin(Glo), sodium sulfate precipitation test(SSPT), zinc sulfate turbidity test(ZSTT), and single radial immunodiffusion test(sRID). All calves aged within 6-week old. Morbidity and mortality to various diseases, mainly including enteric and respiratory disorders, were 18.9%(49) and 4.2%(11), respectively. FPT was 27,9%(72/258) when the cutoff point of TP was $4.5g/d{\ell}$ and among them the morbidity and mortality were 27.9% and 6.9%, respectively. FPT was 29.1%(75/258) when the cutoff point of Glo was $2.0g/d{\ell}$ and among them the morbidity and mortality were 29.0% and 6.9%, respectively. FPT was 13.1%(34/258) when the cutoff point of SSPT was 1+ and among them the morbidity and mortality were 67.6% and 23.5%, respectively. FPT was 19.7%(51/258) when the cutoff point of IgG with sRID was $1,000mg/d{\ell}$ and among them the morbidity and mortality were 41.1% and 11.7%, respectively. In addition, mean concentration of IgG with sRID tested was $2,150mg/d{\ell}$ at 3-day old but $1,100mg/d{\ell}$ at 9-days with $1,100mg/d{\ell}$. The results of the study were suggested that SSPT for FPT was the relatively reliable and convinient method for evaluating the immune status of calves(P<0.05).

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.533-546
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• 2008

The efficacy of bovine immune sera to correct the calves with failure of passive transfer(FPT) was evaluated. Immune sera were produced from 14 one-year-old Holstein cattle which were inoculated commercial combined viral vaccine, administered by the challenge of some main enteric or respiratory viruses, aseptically filtered and stored at $4^{\circ}C$ before used. After the treatment of bovine immune sera, Mean transfer factor($mg/d{\ell}$, of IgG administered/kg of body weight) was $5.46{\pm}2.74,\;11.17{\pm}1.27,\;1.40{\pm}0.21$ in K-IP, H-IP and K-IV group, respectively. The corrective effect of bovine immune sera to FPT calf without any clinical signs showed that intravenous route was more effective than intraperitoneal administration(P<0.01). FPT calves with severe signs were not effective response to the immunotherapy used and consequently died within 10 days after the treatment. Ten percentage of controls appeared the clinical signs including diarrhea. On the contrary, there were not any clinical signs in K-IP and H-IV group. There was significant increase of the neutralizing titer against bovine viral diarrhea virus and bovine coronavirus as well as of cell population including CD2, CD4, and monocyte in K-IP and H-IV group after the immunotherapy(P<0.05). Also, K-IP and H-IV group showed the successful correction to FPT within one week after the immunotherapy, but controls had kept the FPT two-four weeks even after the same treatment. Consequently, the results were suggesting that the bovine immune sera could be used the corrective tool to young calves with FPT.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.93-100
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• 2009

This research was performed to figure out the optimal mixing ratio of food- to livestock wastewater for the best degradation of organic matter in the anaerobic digestion. The presence of various microorganisms, such as Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, was also investigated in both wastewater in this process. Enteric bacteria were only found in livestock wastewater, whereas pathogenic bacteria like S. aureus were detected in both wastewater. The optimal mixing ratio of food- to livestock wastewater for the best mineralization was found to fifty to fifty, with reduction ratios of $BOD_5$, CODcr SS as 23.2%, 24.7%, 19.7%, respectively. Hygiene of the digested sludge was also analyzed by counting the number of total colonies and various pathogens. Enterobacteriaceae including E. coli were barely detected in 10 days after reaction. Meanwhile, S. aureus was gradually reduced during reaction, even showing 1,000~5,000 CFU/mL in final days.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.29 no.8
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• pp.904-908
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• 2007

The protozoan pathogen Giardia lamblia has been major cause of waterborne enteric disease. In this study, we tried to identify G. lamlbia of human infectious species and to detect viable C. lamblia in river water samples including three sites of Han River mainstream and an its creek using PCR and RT-PCR technique. The PCR/RT-PCR methods were performed by using giardin primer based on the giardin gene targeting ventral disk of Giardia. Sensitivity testing in the DNA/RNA extraction and PCR/RT-PCR amplification steps showed that it was possible to detect a single cyst of G. lamblia and viable G. lamblia. The PCR/RT-PCR methods were compared with immunofluorescence(IF) assay by analyzing 48 samples collected from the mainstream water and the creek water. The mean concentration of the total cysts were 6.3 cysts/10 L(arithmetic mean, n = 48) and the positive detection rate were 62.5%(30/48). And the mean concentration of the cysts excluding empty cysts were 4.5 cysts/10 L and the positive detection rate were 52.1%(25/48). It resulted that 24 of 48 samples included Giardia lamblia by PCR assay and 10 of 48 samples included viable G. lamblia by RT-PCR assay. It resulted that the PCR/RT-PCR technique would be available to river water samples with low concentration of Giardia cysts. And it could support the Korean protozoan standard method, which provides useful information for species and viability.

• The Journal of the Korean Society for Microbiology
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.1-5
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• 1974

The authors identified 426 cultures of the Genus Salmonella among 1644 suspectable cultures of enteric pathogens submitted, to be bacteriologically confirmed, by the eleven hygiene laboratories of cities and provincial level and some hospital laboratories in 1973. According to the results obtained from the physical and biochemical tests, and the antigenic structural analyses, eleven cultures of Salmonella paratyphi B, nineteen cultures of Salmonella typhimurium, one each culture of Salmonella potsdam and Salmonella newport, sixteen cultures of Salmonella enteritidis and three hundred thirty-four cultures of Salmonella typhi were confirmed. The drugs of choice for treating Salmonella infections were found to be chloramphenicol, ampicillin and gentamycin in Korea, although there were a few cultures appearing in a couple of previous years which showed resistant patterns by the In Vitro tests.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.633-642
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• 2002

Enteric colibacillosis has economically become an important disease of young animals as a result of increasing intensification of farrowing management. The objective of this experiment is to isolate fimbrial antigen from enterotoxigenic E. coli F41, to develop specific polyclonal IgY which can effectively neutralize or reduce the proliferation of pathogens in feed or living animal system, and to apply IgY technologies to animal industry. The results obtained were as follows: The molecular weight of the purified F41 antigen was 29,500 dalton on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels. Fimbrial antigen was confirmed by the western blot method. It was observed that after immunization the level of serum antibody titer of laying hen was shown in two weeks and gradually increased. The antibody titer in egg yolk appeared two weeks after it was shown in serum antibody. The titers of egg yolk antibody were gradually increased to the maximum level of 320,000 (antigen 50${\mu}g$/$m\ell$), 450,000 (antigen 200${\mu}g$/$m\ell$), and 320,000 (antigen 600${\mu}g$/$m\ell$). According to the results of specificity test by ELISA, the anti-F41 antibodies from chicken serum and egg yolk reacted only with ETEC F41 antigen. There was no cross reaction with other ETEC strains (K88, K99, and 987P). In vitro condition, as a result of antigen binding ability of yolk antibodies, bacterial concentration was rapidly decreased to $10^5$ CFU/$m\ell$ from $10^9$ CFU/$m\ell$ when 2${\sim}$4 mg/$m\ell$ of freeze dried WSF (water soluble fraction) was added.