• Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea Planning & Design
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.3-14
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• 2018

The aim of this study is to propose a method for calculating the weight of walking energy in ERAM model by calculating it for the analysis of vertical and horizontal spaces in a building. Conventional theories on the space analysis in the field of architectural planning predict the pedestrian volume of network spaces in urban street or in two-dimensional plane within a building, however, for vertical and horizontal spaces in a building, estimates of the pedestrian volume by those theories are limited. Because in the spatial syntax and ERAM model have been applied weights such as the spatial depth, adjacent angles, and physical distances available only to the two-dimensional same layer or plane. Therefore, the following basic assumptions and analysis conditions in this study were established for deriving a predictor of pedestrian volume in vertical and horizontal spaces of a building. The basic premise of space analysis is not to address the relationship between the pedestrian volume and the spatial structure itself but to the properties of spatial structure connection that human beings experience. The analysis conditions in three-dimensional spaces are as follows : 1) Measurement units should be standardized on the same scale, and 2) The connection characteristics between spaces should influence the accessibility of human beings. In this regard, a factor of walking energy has the attributes to analyze the connection of vertical and horizontal spaces and satisfies the analysis conditions presented in this study. This study has two implications. First, this study has shown how to quantitatively calculate the walking energy after a factor of walking energy was derived to predict the pedestrian volume in vertical and horizontal spaces. Second, the method of calculating the walking energy can be applied to the weights of the ERAM model, which provided the theoretical basis for future studies to predict the pedestrian volume of vertical and horizontal spaces in a building.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.184-191
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• 2011

Preliminary design of a mooring system for a floating wave energy converter(WEC) is performed. A mooring line is designed to consist of two parts; the one is a chain in heavy weight laid on the seabed and linked to an anchor on the seabed and the other is a light weight chain suspended at a floater. A high weight chain laid on the seabed can contribute to mitigate dynamic energy propagated from top oscillation and decrease anchor weight and volume. Through a low weight chain suspended between a floater and seabed the WEC's function to produce energy from wave can be affected in minimum by the motion of a chain. The static and dynamic analyses for the designed mooring system were carried out to evaluate WEC system's safety. The present study shows that the designed gravity anchor moves horizontally due to the tension exerted on the anchor in the severe ocean environmental condition. The present mooring system should be redesigned to satisfy the safety requirements. The present study will be useful to predict the safety of the mooring system under ocean environment.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.645-655
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• 2001

The purpose of this study is to investigate the dietary intake and bone mineral density(BMDs) in college women(n = 10), female swimmers(n = 10), and female weight lifters(n = 10). BMDs of lumbar spine(L2-L4), femoral neck, ward's triangle, and trochanter were measured with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. The results are summarized as follows. In swimmers and weight lifters, mean daily intakes of energy, protein, and fat were higher than those of college women and the intake of carbohydrate was significantly high in weight lifters. Also in swimmers and weight litters, mean daily intakes of animal flood, phosphorus, vitamin A, vitamin B$_1$, vitamin B$_2$, niacin, vitamin C, and cholesterol were found higher than those of college women but there was difference among the types of exercise. According to correlation analysis between nutrient intake and BMDs, intakes of energy, protein, carbohydrate, and vitamin B$_1$ were positively associated with BMDs of lumbar spines. According to stepwise multiple recession analysis, BMDs of lumbar spines were affected by intakes of protein, Fe, phosphorus, and vitamin B$_2$, also BMDs of femur were affected by each of vegetable protein, dietary fiber, and fe. from the above explanation, the nutrient intakes can be independent factor besides exercise. In conclusion, the weight lifting, resistant exercise, resulted in increase of both BMDs of lumbar spines and femur specially in growing and adult period of female. Whereas swimming lead to increase of BMDs of lumbar spine and decrease of BMDs of femur in female.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.31-37
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• 2009

Recently, Korean people are consuming seaweeds almost 3.5 times more now than three decades ago. It is well known that seaweeds contain lots of soluble dietary fiber in addition to micronutrients such as ${\beta}$-carotene, iodine and some bioactive components. Seaweeds are considered to be effective for preventing chronic diseases including obesity, diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis, cancer or constipation. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of seamustard intake on body weight gain, blood glucose level and lipid profiles in rats fed diets with different energy nutrient composition. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (average initial weight 103.7g) were divided into groups for two experiments as follows; Control, M2.5 & M5 groups (Exp. I) and M5, M10, HCM5, HCM10, HFM5 & HFM10 groups (Exp. II). The rats were fed diet and water ad libitum for 4 weeks. In general, there was no significant difference in blood glucose and triglyceride concentration among groups. In Exp. I, serum LDL-cholesterol level of rats fed diet with 5% seamustard powder (M5) was significantly lower than that of control group, while HDL-cholesterol level, TC/LDL ratio and weight of adrenal gland were higher. In Exp. II, food intake, body weight gain and EER of high fat diet with 10% seamustard group (HFM10) were the lowest among groups. Except gastrocnemius muscle, all organ weights of HFM10 group were the lowest. Fecal cholesterol excretion and serum LDL-cholesterol concentration of HFM10 group were the highest, while serum HDL-cholesterol level was the lowest among groups. Interestingly, HDL-cholesterol concentration was the highest in HCM5 group among groups. From these results, it was suggested that seamustard intake might be more effective for body weight control, but not for improving blood lipid profiles in high fat diet than in high carbohydrate diet.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.465-474
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• 2023

The chemical composition and molecular weight characteristics of dissolved organic matter (DOM) exert a profound influence on the efficiency of organic matter removal in water treatment systems, acting as efficiency predictive indicators. This research evaluated the primary chemical and molecular weight properties of DOM derived from diverse sources, including rivers, lakes, and biomasses, and assessed their relationship with the efficiency of coagulation/flocculation treatments. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) removal efficiency through coagulation/flocculation exhibited significant correlations with DOM's hydrophobic distribution, the ratio of humic-like to protein-like fluorescence, and the molecular weight associated with humic substances (HS). These findings suggest that the DOC removal rate in coagulation/flocculation processes is enhanced by a higher presence of HS in DOM, an increased influence of externally sourced DOM, and more presence of high molecular weight compounds. The results of this study further posit that the efficacy of water treatment processes can be more accurately predicted when considering multiple DOM characteristics rather than relying on a singular trait. Based on major results from this study, a predictive model for DOC removal efficiency by coagulation/flocculation was formulated as: 24.3 - 7.83 × (fluorescence index) + 0.089 × (hydrophilic distribution) + 0.102 × (HS molecular weight). This proposed model, coupled with supplementary monitoring of influent organic matter, has the potential to enhance the design and predictive accuracy for coagulation/flocculation treatments targeting DOC removal in future applications.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Poultry Science Conference
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• 2002.11a
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• pp.118-119
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• 2002

This experiment was conduct to determine the influences of different levels of dietary energy and crude protein on growth performances during growing period (2 to 10 wk of age). A total of 360 egg breeder chicks (Hy-Line Brown) was divided into 5 groups with 4 replicates of 18 birds per replicate and fed the experimental diets containing three levels of energy and three levels of protein. With the increase in dietary crude protein levels, body weight significantly increased (P〈0.05). But dietary energy levels did not greatly affect growth performances. There were no significant differences to flock uniformity and tibia strength among treatments.

• Carbon letters
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.70-80
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• 2011

Two pitches with different average molecular structures were electrospun and compared in terms of the properties of their fibers after oxidative stabilization, carbonization, and activation. The precursor with a higher molecular weight and greater content of aliphatic groups (Pitch A) resulted in better solubility and spinnability compared to that with a lower molecular weight and lower aliphatic group content (Pitch B). The electrical conductivity of the carbon fiber web from Pitch A of 67 S/cm was higher than that from Pitch B of 52 S/cm. The carbon fiber web based on Pitch A was activated more readily with lower activation energy, resulting in a higher specific surface area compared to the carbon fiber based on Pitch B (Pitch A, 2053 $m^2/g$; Pitch B, 1374 $m^2/g$).

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Machine Tool Engineers
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.51-58
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• 2001

The use of tailor welded blanks (TWB) in automotive applications is increasing due to the potential of weight and cost saving. The object of this study is development of the front side member by static analysis and crash simulations. Accord-ing to the results , energy absorption and barrier force is very important parameter to control passenger safety and deforma-tion shape. A energy absorbability point of view, tailor welded blanks is most effective to absorb energy than non-twb. Non-TWB front side member and TWB applied front side member were simulated. It shows reduce stmping parts weight reduction and cost down.

• Journal of Korean Medicine for Obesity Research
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.17-24
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• 2003

Obesity increases the risk of knee and to a lesser extent hip OA, which combined affect a large percentage of middle-aged and elderly adults and which are major source of disability, and factor of drop a lowering in the physical exercise ability. Energy expenditure from physical activity accounts for up to 30% of total energy expenditure, it can have a significant impact on energy balance. We studied a exercise therapy that improved long-term weight management and produced additional benefits - loss of joint pain, improved joint mobility, and this exercise program will enhance the weight loss and health benefits from physical activity in the treatment of obese patients with osteoarthritis.

• Archives of Obesity and Metabolism
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.11-16
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• 2023

Nutrition counseling and dietary intervention are essential to obesity management because weight reduction is the consequence of negative energy balance. The first step of the nutrition counseling in patients with obesity is thorough evaluation of the nutritional status. During the nutritional evaluation, amount of energy consumption, dietary habits, and medical and socioeconomic factors influencing diets should be evaluated. Diet interventions including low calorie diet, low fat diet, low carbohydrate diet, and high protein diet are all effective in weight reduction as long as decrease in energy consumption is accompanied. Amount of energy restriction and choice of diet interventions should be individualized based the medical condition and characteristics of each patient.