• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
• /
• v.41 no.4
• /
• pp.270-274
• /
• 2010

Obesity is caused from an imbalance between energy intake and expenditure, which may lead to pathologic growth of adipocytes and accumulation of fat in tissue. We examined the inhibitory effects of Eriobotrya japonica leaf and seed extracts on lipid absorption in vitro and fat accumulation during the differentiation of 3T3-L1 to adipocytes. 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were stimulated with DMEM media containing 10% FBS, 0.5 mM 3-isobuthyl-1-methyxanthine (IBMX), $5\;{\mu}g/ml$ insulin, and $1\;{\mu}g/ml$ dexamethasone for differentiation to adipocytes. E. japonica leaf extract at concentration of 0.5 or 1 mg/ml inhibited pancreatic lipase activity. The cell viability of 3T3-L1 adipocytes slightly reduced about 3% by treatment of E. Japonica leaf and seed extracts. The leaf and seed extracts of E. japonica effectively inhibited the accumulations of lipid droplet and expression of $C/EBP{\alpha}$ promoting adipogenesis. Thus, this data suggest that E. japonica leaf and seed extracts inhibit fat accumulation through regulation of $C/EBP{\alpha}$, and leaf extract is more effective in lipid absorption and adipogenesis than seed extract.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.26 no.3
• /
• pp.299-312
• /
• 1993

Anthropometry, computed tomography(CT) at the umbilical level, nutrient intake, blood pressure, serum levels of lipids and lipoproteins and response of glucose, c-peptide, insulin, and free fatty acid(FFA) during oral glucose tolerance test(OGTT) were estimated on 11 normal-weight controls and 35 overweight and obese middle-agd men. The areas of total abdominal, subcutaneous and visceral were determined by CT scanning technique. Total abdominal fat area correlated the most significantly with the levels of serum lipids, lipoproteins and insulin among several obese indices. Compared with normal-weight controls, overweight and obese men with abdominal fat lower than 29000$\textrm{mm}^2$ showed an increase in waist-hip ratio, areas of total abdominal(35%), visceral and subcutaneous fat and C-peptide response area during OGTT, though age, percent ideal body weight, body mass index, % body fat, and all biochemical indices except C-peptide response area were not different between two groups. Overweight and obese men with abdominal fat greater than 29000$\textrm{mm}^2$ showed a higher values in total abdominal fat(85%), serum levels of triglyceride, total-and LDL-cholesterol, the ratio of LDL-to HDL-cholesterol, and response areas of FFA, insulin and C-peptide during OGTT than normal-weight controls. Overweight and obese men with great abdominal fat showed an increase in alcohol ingestion and percent calorie intake per total energy expenditure, compared with normal-weight controls. Our results indicate that obesity and a certain level of total abdominal fat accumulation is required to observe abnormal levels of serum lipids, lipoproteins and insulin in Korean middle-aged men. In addition, increased alcohol and calorie intake and decreased physical activity could partly explain total abdominal fat accumulation in men.

• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
• /
• v.10 no.3
• /
• pp.1124-1130
• /
• 2015

Moisture and high temperature are the most important factors that lead to the ageing of oil-paper insulation, but the research about space charge characteristics of oil-paper insulation does not take the combined effect of ambient temperature, moisture and thermal ageing into account. The pulsed electroacoustic (PEA) method was used to investigate the influence of moisture and temperature on space charge characteristics of oil paper at different ageing stages. The results showed that moisture could speed up formation of space charge in oil paper when water concentration was low, but the formation was restrained if the water concentration was high. At the beginning of thermal ageing, heterogeneous charge accumulation had predominance, but it gradually changed to homogeneous charge injection with ageing. It was believed that moisture concentration could speed up ageing and enhance charge accumulation on one hand, and accelerate or slow down the establishment speed of space charge on the other hand, therefore, charge accumulation type changed with ageing. The more seriously the oil-paper insulation was thermally aged, the deeper the trap energy level was, hence more space charge was trapped, which could be speeded up by increasing the ageing temperature, but the effect of ambient temperature did not fit the Arrhenius law.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• v.24 no.1
• /
• pp.59-69
• /
• 2014

One of the major challenges in metabolic engineering for enhanced synthesis of value-added chemicals is to design and develop new strains that can be translated into well-controlled fermentation processes using bioreactors. The aim of this study was to assess the influence of various fed-batch strategies in the performance of metabolically engineered Pseudomonas putida strains, ${\Delta}gcd$ and ${\Delta}gcd-pgl$, for improving production of medium-chain-length polyhydroxyalkanoates (mcl-PHAs) using glucose as the only carbon source. First we developed a fed-batch process that comprised an initial phase of biomass accumulation based on an exponential feeding carbon-limited strategy. For the mcl-PHA accumulation stage, three induction techniques were tested under nitrogen limitation. The substrate-pulse feeding was more efficient than the constant-feeding approach to promote the accumulation of the desirable product. Nonetheless, the most efficient approach for maximum PHA synthesis was the application of a dissolved-oxygen-stat feeding strategy (DO-stat), where P. putida ${\Delta}gcd$ mutant strain showed a final PHA content and specific PHA productivity of 67% and $0.83g{\cdot}l^{-1}{\cdot}h^{-1}$, respectively. To our knowledge, this mcl-PHA titer is the highest value that has been ever reported using glucose as the sole carbon and energy source. Our results also highlighted the effect of different fed-batch strategies upon the extent of realization of the intended metabolic modification of the mutant strains.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
• /
• v.28 no.6
• /
• pp.463-470
• /
• 2020

Background: Evaluation of transpiration is required for agricultural and environmental management applications, as crop yields and plant growth are primarily water limited. This study aimed to determine the transpiration and carbon accumulation of Cnidium officinale. Methods and Results: The transpiration of C. officinale was evaluated using weighing lysimeter. The relationship between transpiration and factors such as solar radiation, air temperature, and leaf area was assessed. Transpiration increased as the leaf area increased with the growth stage. Furthermore, daily transpiration per unit leaf area was 0.69 ± 0.16 g·cm-2·day-1 and there were no significant differences in daily transpiration during the cultivation period. The maximum transpiration was 620.6 g m-2·h-1 and diurnal changes in transpiration were highly correlated with solar radiation although the maximum transpiration was observed at the air temperatures of 20℃ - 26℃. The ratio of carbon accumulation to transpiration was 0.12%. Conclusions: Our results indicated that the transpiration of C. officinale is primarily regulated by solar radiation energy on clear days and that 97% of the water is discharged through transpiration for heat dissipation. Therefore, weighing lysimeters can measure transpiration accurately and may be useful in interpreting plant growth.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
• /
• v.39 no.2
• /
• pp.27-33
• /
• 2024

Objective : Obesity is a disease caused by energy imbalance and increases the risk of complications such as cardiovascular disease and cancer. Additionally, a recent study reported that excessive production of ROS stimulates the expression of transcription factors related to adipogenesis, such as PPAR-𝛾, C/EBP-𝛼 and 𝛽, in 3T3-L1 cells. In this study, Paeonia anomala L. (PAL) was selected as a candidate for improving and preventing obesity from Mongolian medical literature, and its effect on fat metabolism was observed in vitro. Methods : The activity of PAL extract against lipid accumulation was measured in 3T3-L1 cells through Oil red O staining. Additionally, the expression of lipid metabolism-related proteins was measured by western blot. Results : Intracellular lipid accumulation was significantly lower in the treatment group than in the control group. In addition, pAMPK/AMPK protein expression in the treatment group tended to increase in a concentration-dependent manner, and PPAR-𝛾 protein expression in the treatment group showed a significant decrease in a concentration-dependent manner compared to the control group. Conclusion : These results suggest that PAL extract may have an anti-obesity effect, and it is believed that it can be used to develop functional materials for the treatment of obesity.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.57 no.2
• /
• pp.185-195
• /
• 2024

Purpose: The carbohydrate-restricted diet has been recognized to be effective into preventing and alleviating lifestyle-related diseases, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. The rare sugar ᴅ-allulose is a functional monosaccharide with anti-obesity effects. In the present study, we examined the effects of dietary ᴅ-allulose on body fat accumulation in rats fed severely carbohydrate-restricted diets containing high concentrations of different fats, beef tallow, or soybean oil. Methods: Male Wistar rats (n = 35, 3-week-old) were divided into 5 groups: One chow-fed control (C) group, and four carbohydrate-restricted groups, namely, beef tallow (B), beef tallow + ᴅ-allulose (BA), soybean oil (S), and soybean oil + ᴅ-allulose (SA), with free access to the diet and water for 8 weeks. The B and BA diets contained 23% beef tallow and 2% soybean oil, whereas the S and SA diets contained 25% soybean oil. Furthermore, the BA and SA diets contained 5% ᴅ-allulose. Results: The final body weight, weight gain, and food intake were significantly higher, and food efficiency was significantly lower in the control group compared to the other carbohydrate-restricted groups. Intra-abdominal adipose tissue, carcass fat, and total body fat weights were not influenced by dietary fat type or ᴅ-allulose supplementation, except for the epididymal adipose tissue weight. In contrast, carbohydrate restriction suppressed body weight gain in rats, but remarkably increased body fat accumulation. Conclusion: Under carbohydrate-restricted conditions, no anti-obesity effects of dietary ᴅ-allulose were observed, regardless of the dietary fat type. The causes of these effects are unknown. However, they may be influenced by a very low carbohydrate and high protein diet. Further research is required to elucidate the effects of ᴅ-allulose under various nutrient compositions with different fat, carbohydrate, and protein energy ratios.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
• /
• v.27 no.2
• /
• pp.122-135
• /
• 2024

Obesity is a disease involving mechanisms of fat accumulation, low-grade inflammatory cytokine release, and mitochondrial dysfunction. The aim of the current study was to investigate the effects of abalone intestine extract on fat metabolism in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and high fat diet-induced zebrafish larvae. The total phenol content was highest in subcritical water extract at 210℃ (SW210) among hot water, ethanol, and subcritical water extracts of abalone intestine. In addition, SW210 of male abalone intestine (MASW210) most effectively controlled the lipid accumulation and expression of adipogenic or lipogenic regulators (PPAR-γ, C/EBPα, SREBP-1c, and FAS) in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Likewise, in zebrafish larvae fed high fat, MASW210 significantly suppressed body weight, glucose levels, and lipid accumulation. The mRNA expression related to adipogenesis (PPAR-γ and C/EBPα), lipogenesis (SREBP-1c and FAS), inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6), energy m/;.etabolism (AMPK, lepr, SIRT1, and adiponectin), and mitochondrial biogenesis (PGC-1α and CPT-1) were significantly regulated by treatment with MASW210. These results suggest that abalone intestine extract such as MASW210, are useful biomaterials for improving obesity and metabolic diseases.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.17 no.3
• /
• pp.210-216
• /
• 1984

The growth response, lipid deposition, fat free body mass and energy expenditure of weanling rats fed the equal amount of isocaloric diets containing 8%, 13% and 18% casein were investigated. After a period of 30day feeding, the rats fed low level of protein diet were 43.01g lighter than 18% protein group (weight gains of ${85.57}{\pm}{7.50g}$ vs. ${128.58}{\pm}{11.64g}$, p<0.01). Despite of the smaller body size, there were no significant differences in lipid deposition in grams per carcass. Whereas, nitrogen accumulation was significantly greater in 13% and 18% protein fed groups compared to 8%. The estimated energy expenditure were 4,576.61 kJ, 5,440.80kJ and 5,607.67kJ for 8%, 13% and 18% protein groups respectively. The part of excess energy consumed by the low protein group may have been dissipated. The malic enzyme activity in the liver of rats was found to be unaltered by different dietary treatments. From these observations, it was conluded that the retarded growth response in lower protein level may have been originated from the shortage ge of protein supply rather than that of the energy. The protein restriction appeared to be resulted in the lower fat free compartment without affecting the ability of rats to synthesize body lipid in a similar rate to the higher protein group when energy intakes were equalized.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.26 no.2
• /
• pp.164-173
• /
• 1993

This study was aimed to investigate whether abdominal obesity is associated with non-insulin dependednt diabetes. The distribution of body fat patterns was observed in 181 female patients with diabetes, aged 33 to 83 years, living in the Taegu area, Korea. The following anthropometric measuremetns were made on all participants from October 1 to November 25, 1991 : weight, height ; waist and hip circumferences in standing position. The waist hip circumference ratio was used as an index of abdominal obesity. The results were as follows; 1) The mean fasting blood glucose of diabetic subjects was 145$\pm$50.3mg/dl and the mean duration of diabetes was 4.7$\pm$7.5 years. 2) Obese subjects above the ideal body weight body weight of 120% in the investigation are presently 52%, but 63% of subjects were reported to be obese in the past. The mean BMI of the subjects is 24.57$\pm$3.15 and the past mean BMI was 27.13$\pm$3.26. One year after reaching their highest body weight, 47% of the subjects developed diabetes. Two years after reaching their peak body weight, 74% of diabetic subjects developed diabetes. 3) Using the waist-hip circumference ratio, subjects beloing to the upper body obesity(WHR>0.84) were 65.5%. 4) The average daily energy intake did not differ between the obese and non-obese diabetic subjects, whether they were assessed with BMI or with RBW. 5) The average daily energy intake was higher in the upper body obesity subjects than in the lower body obesity subjects. 6) Diabetics withing the regular exercise group had lower fasting blood glucose levels than the non-regular exercise group. Exercise did not effect the RBW, BMI, and WHR. 7) The waist-to-hip circumference ratio correlated significantly in positive with waist-circumference, but did not correlated with hip-circumference. Therefore, WHR may depended on the increased accumulation of abdominal fat in female diabetics. In conclusion, these findings suggest that caloric intake is more associated with abdominal fat accumulation in diabetic women. Blood glucose concentration is independently effected by exercise, and exercise does not affect the WHR. Therefore, control of caloric intake and development of specific exercises to change the WHR seems important for controling diabetes in female subjects.