• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제28권5호
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• pp.1180-1186
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• 1999

A wide ranges of chemicals released into the environment have potential to interfere with physiological and development process by disrupting endocrine pathways. Endocrine system embraces a multitude of mechanisms of action, including effect on growth, behavior, reproduction and immune function. These environmental endocrine disruptors are present in environment and pose potential health consequences to human and wildlife. The best known form in endocrine distruptors involves substances which mimic or block the action of natural hormone in the body. Endocrine disruptor have been variously defined as exogenous agents that interfere with the synthesis, secretion, transport, metabolism, binding action or elimination of the natural hormones in the body which are responsible for the maintenance of homeostasis, reproduction developmental and/or behavior. Many compounds polluted into the environment by human activity are capable of disrupting the endocrine system of animals, including fish, wildlife, and humans. Among these chemicals are pesticides, industrial chemicals, and other anthropogenic products. It has been alleged that several adverse effects on human health are linked with exposure to chemicals which are claimed to be endocrine disrupters, that is, increased incidence of testicular, prostate and female breast cancer, time dependent reductions in sperm quality and quantity, increased incidence of cryptorchidism (undescended testicles) and hypospadias(malformation of the penis), altered physical and mental de velopment in children. This observation is currently the only example of chemically mediated endocrine disruption which has resulted in a clear effect at the population level.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.109-116
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• 2000

The purposes of our study were to optimize the conditions of the screening and testing methods for endocrine disruptors, to characterize these assays using several compounds with well-defined endocrine activity, and to compare the sensitivity between these assays currently undergoing validation. Two in vitro test systems, MCF-7 cells proliferation (E-screen assay) and competitive binding to estrogen receptors (ER) were selected to evaluate the estrogenic effects. 17$\beta$-Estradiol (E2) and diethylstilbestrol (DES) were used as a positive control in vitro test. Also, E2 and ethinyl estradiol (EE) were used as a positive control in vivo uterotrophic assay. In in vitro test, E2 and DES showed a strong estrogenic response at concentration of 1.0 nM. In uterotrophic assay, E2 (0.3 $\mu\textrm{g}$/kg) and EE (0.3 $\mu\textrm{g}$/kg) produced a significant increase in uterus and vagina weight in both immature and ovariectomized rats. Although we did not com-pared the specificity between in vivo and in vitro assays, these assay systems may serve as a good tool for endocrine disruptors screening methods. Our data indicate that these assay systems exhibit some difference in their sensitivity to the same estrogenic compounds. Therefore, as a first rapid screening assay for estrogenic activity qf unknown chemicals, at least two assay systems should probably be carried out with a view of high sensitivity and standardization conditions. Also, a careful validation tests are necessary to obtain a reasonable degree of reproducibility.

• 한국가정과교육학회지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.123-142
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• 2009

본 연구는 중 고등학생을 대상으로 한 환경호르몬에 대한 교육방향을 설정하고 교육내용을 구성하는데 기초자료를 제공하기 위하여 환경호르몬에 대한 인식도, 정보획득 행동, 지식, 행동, 교육요구도에 대해 살펴보았다. 본 연구의 자료는 서울, 인천, 대전, 대구, 부산, 광주 등 대도시에 거주하는 중학생 및 고등학생 180명으로부터 수집되었다. 본 연구의 자료는 SPSS WINDOWS Version 14.0으로 분석되었으며, 빈도분석, Cronbach's alpha, t 분석, 일원분산분석, Duncan의 다중범위분석, ${\chi}^2$ 분석을 실시하였다. 본 연구결과, 첫째, 중 고등학생의 환경호르몬에 대한 관심도는 별로 높지 않은 것으로 나타났고 대다수의 응답자들이 환경호르몬이 사람에게 위험을 주는 것으로 인식하고 있었다. 둘째, 환경호르몬에 대한 정보는 '텔레비전, 라디오'로부터 가장 많이 얻고 있었으나 환경호르몬에 대한 정보를 획득하거나 획득한 정보를 이해하는 것이 쉽지 않은 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 '학교' 및 '텔레비전, 라디오'로부터 환경호르몬에 대한 정보를 획득하는 것을 선호하고 있었다. 셋째, 환경호르몬에 대한 지식 수준과 노출저감화에 대한 행동 수준은 높지 않았으며, 환경호르몬 노출을 줄이기 위한 행동 수준은 지식 수준에 미치지 못하는 것으로 나타났다. 넷째, 환경호르몬에 대한 교육 필요성 인식도는 매우 높은 편이었고, '환경호르몬 피해 예방법', '환경호르몬 방출물질 또는 오염물질', '환경호르몬의 위해성' 순으로 교육내용 요구도가 높았다.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.403-406
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• 2004

Environmental endocrine disruptors (EDs) are toxic, hormone-like chemicals which can be found in our normal daily life. We have examined if EDs can inhibit the monocellular microorganisms such as lactic acid bacteria or if the growth of lactic acid bacteria could be resistant to the endocrine disruptors. We have used Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei (KCTC No. 3165) as an experimental strain and bisphenol A, benzophenone and phenylphenol for the comparison purpose. Experiments included the evaluation of turbidity, absorbance and actual cell counts. We found that No.3165 was somewhat resistant to EDs naturally, however, high concentration of EDs could inhibit the growth of No. 3165 completely. Different EDs showed different spectrum of inhibit. This study should contribute to the development of more resistant lactic acid bacteria to EDs and to the development of functional fermented beverage.

• 한국독성학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국독성학회 2001년도 International Symposium on Dietary and Medicinal Antimutgens and Anticarcinogens
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• pp.176-176
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• 2001

Endocrine disruptors have been implicated in carcinogenesis in animal studies, but carcinogenetic effects on human remain controversial. In order to examine the genotoxicity of two common endocrine disruptors, Bisphenol A and Diethylstilbestrol, cytogenetic endpoints including chromosome aberration(CA), sister chromatid exchange (SCE), micronuclei (MN) analyses and DNA damage by single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE) were assayed.(omitted)

• 농약과학회지
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.135-156
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• 2002

내분비계 장애물질이 환경호르몬이란 용어로 우리들의 실생활에 사용되는 용기 등을 통해 여러 가지 영향을 미치고 있다. 수많은 화학물질들 중에서 환경호르몬은 어떠한 종류의 화학물질이며, 언제 알려지게 되었고, 어떻게 분류되었으며, 이러한 환경호르몬성을 갖는 물질들의 환경호르몬성은 어떠한 연구기법에 의해 검색되는지와 현재까지의 사용실태와 문제점 및 국내외 관련 동향 등을 고찰하여 보았다.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.59-64
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• 2002

Substantial evidences have been accumulated about the hormone-like effects of exogenous substances such as pesticides and industrial chemicals during past years. The effects of these substances on the endocrine system are believed to be either enhancing or reducing of various endocrine action. It is necessary to identify putative causal agents by the batter system and to assess their ability to disrupt the endocrine system. A variety of in vitro and In vivo approaches have been used to determine the androgenic effects of environmental chemicals. To establish the method for assessment of the putative endocrine disruptors with androgenic activity, we carried out the cell proliferation assay by MTS method after treatment with the various concentration of testosterone in LNCaP cells (human prostatic cancer cell line) and also observed the expression of androgen-related genes by quantitative RT-PCR. In the cell proliferation assay, the results showed that the grouth of LNCaP cells increased within level of at least 10pM testosterone. We measured by quantitative RT-PCR method on the effects of testosterone on mRNA expression of androgen receptor (AR), prostate-specific antigen (PSA), bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) and BMP receptor (BMPR) In LNCaP cells. The results demonstrated that mRNA expression of PSA and BMPR-IB was observed differently within level of at least 0.01 pM testosterone compared with non-treated control. These observations suggest that the detection of PSA and BMPR-IB mRNA by the quantitative RT-PCR in LNCaP cells is very sensitive method to identify the endocrine disruptors to have the androgenic effects.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제17권
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• pp.313-317
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• 2001

The Ministry of Health and Welfare of Japan has set up six research groups concerning the endocrine disrupting chemicals. One of these projects was "A study on development of testing methodology for health effects due to exposure of environmental endocrine disruptors". In this paper, three topics are described. In OECD collaboration for pre-validation of uterotrophic assay, the most sensitive response to ethnyl estradiol was noted in the ovarectomized rats treated subcutaneously for 7 days. Secondly, it was suggested that changes of the serum $\alpha_{2u}$-globulin level may be a sensitive parameter for detecting the estrogenic activities of chemicals. Finally, development of the sexually dimorphic nucleus of preoptic area in the brain oj male rats was inhibited by the treatment with estrogenic chemicals, and their masculine behaviors and reproductive abilities were impaired after sexual maturation. In conclusion, these parameters are considered to be sensitive endpoints for testing estrogenic chemicals.chemicals.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.47-54
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• 2011

Endocrine disruptors bind to hormone receptors on sperm membrane, therefore spermatozoa are potentially a useful model for examining estrogenic activities of endocrine disruptors. The objective of this study was to compare the effects of two xenoestrogenic compounds [genistein (Gen) and 4-tert-octylphenol (OP)] to those of two steroids [estrogen ($E_2$) and progesterone ($P_4$)] on boar sperm % motility and motion kinematics of in vitro. Porcine spermatozoa were incubated with various concentrations ($0.001{\sim}100\;{\mu}M$) of each chemical for 15 or 30 min, and then assessed % motility and sperm motion kinematics using computer assisted sperm analyzer (CASA). Each chemical decreased sperm % motility, and OP decreased VSL and VAP compared with untreated control(p<0.05). $E_2$ stimulated the motion kinematic changes except VCL. Moreover, Gen had effects on VCL and VAP alterations after 30 min incubation. In summary, since all chemicals studied effectively altered sperm % motility and motion kinematics, it was concluded that porcine spermatozoa could be a useful model for in vitro screening of potential endocrine disruptors.

• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.25-30
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• 2002

내분비계 장애물질은 다양한 동물의 생식과 배아의 발생에 위해한 영향을 미친다고 보고되었다. 이러한 초기 배아의 비정상 발생 중 대표적인 것이 할구파편이다. 본 연구에서는 착상 전 생쥐 초기 배아를 PCB, BPA, DDT에 체내, 체외에서 각각 노출시켰다. 내분비계 장애 물질에 노출시켰던 배아는 할구파편, 불규칙한 할구와 깨짐, 일부 파괴된 투명대 배아 등의 다양한 형태학적 비정상 양상을 보였다. 착상 전 생쥐 초기배아의 세포괴사에 관여하는 유전자를 조사하기 위하여 RT-PCR을 사용하여 mRNA수준에서 평가하였다. Bcl-2, bad 그리고 bax유전자 발현 정도를 대조군과 내분비계 장애물질 처리군으로 나누어 비교하였다. Bcl-2유전자는 내분비계 장애물질 처리군에서 낮아지는 경향을 보였고, bad와bix는 내분비계 장애물질 처리군에서 보다 높은 경향을 보였다. 이러한 연구 결과는 착상 전 생쥐 초기배아를 체내와 체외에서 내분비계 장애물질에 노출시킴으로써 발생적 독성물질을 신속히 판단할수 있는 유용한 수단이 될 수 있을 것으로 생각한다.