• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.88-96
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• 1999

The effect of acute cadmium-neuropathy on phospholipid metabolism in rat sciatic nerve was investigated. An animal model of cadmium neuropathy was induced by feeding diet containing cadmium to Sprague-Dawley rat for two weeks. Four weeks aged Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups : normal control group, 10ppm-cadmium treated group, 100ppm-cadmium treated group, 1000ppm-cadmium treated group, reference drug, myo-inositol-treated group. All rats were sacrificed at the end of two weeks. The rate of incorporation of 2-[3H]myo-inositol into polyphosphinositide was significantly decreased while the rates of incorporation into phospholipid of titratedserine, ethanolamine and choline were unchanged in sciatic nerve obtained from cadmium-treated rat. Continuously the activities of three enzymes concerned with inositol phospholiped metabolism were measured in homogenates of rat sciatic nerves. Cystidine diglyceride transferase and phophatidylinositol kinase showed significantly decreased activities while phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate kinase did not show any significant change in activity by cadmium treatment. However these deficits of inositol phospholipid metabolism were ameliorated by myo-inositol administration and these effectiveness were more potent in lower dose cadmiumtreated rats than higher dose cadmium-treated rats. These results suggest that cadmium intoxicated peripheral nerve with perturbation of the ployphosphoinositide metabolism and alteration of the enzyme activity which concerned with myo-inositol metabolism.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.31-36
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• 1995

Post-tonsillectomy pain in children is a difficult problem to manage. We examined the effect of 10% aerosol lidocaine for the post-tonsillectomy analgesia. ASA physical status I or II, between five and thirteen years of age were assigned, in a randomized fashion, into two groups. The Group I, 30 patients, received a total dose of 4 mg/kg of ten percent aerosol lidocaine on the tonsillar beds. Lidocaine was administered at the end of the surgical procedure. The Group II, 30 patients, were not sprayed with lidocaine aerosol. The postoperative pain scores were assessed by a "red and white" visual analoge pain scales (VAPS). VAPS values were obtained at one and eight hours after the operation. Values of one hour after the operation in the group I and II were $20.83{\pm}10.01$ and $34.50{\pm}10.53$, values of eight hours after the operation were $17.33{\pm}9.07$ and $23.5{\pm}11.08$. The post-tonsilectomy pains were significantly lower in the group I compared with the group II at one and eight hours after the operation. In conclusion, 4 mg/kg of ten percent aerosol lidocaine applied directly on the tonsillar beds was showen a superior, immediate post-tonsillectomy analgesic technique.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.281-291
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• 1994

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of enteral nutritional support to cancer patients who were clinically malnourished and receiving chemotherapy after surgery. To estimate the effect of nutritional support using Greenbia(Dr. Chung's Food Cooperation, LTD., Seoul, Korea) for patients with cancer, 41 patients were participated between January 1991 to November 1991. All patients were randomized into 2 groups and 18 patients were evaluated(experimental group : 12, control group : 6). The counseling was carried out once a week for 2 months. To compare the nutrient intake before and after administration of nutritional beverage and to identify the potential effectiveness of nutritional support in this group, a record of this diet on all patients during the test period was carried out for 3 days. To evaluate the patients nutritional status, the anthropometric parameters and serum protein were checked at the begining as baseline, week 3, week 6, and at the end of the test(week 8). In the case of energy balance, no patients appeared to be positive before administration of nutritional beverage, while 2 patients among 12 were observed to be more than 100% positive after administration. There were some differences among the experimental group which had administration of nutritional beverage but most of the results of anthropometric parameters were improved. When comparing the experimental and control group, there was significant increase in body weight, body fat, arm circumference and tricep skinfold. This study suggests that enteral nutritional support can help improving the nutritional status of patients received chemotherapy.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.373-379
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• 2005

This study was performed to determine the effect of isoflavone on bone mineral density and bone mineral content in growing male rats. Twenty male, Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to groups, that underwent 9 weeks of experi-ental treatment. Animals were assigned to one of two diet groups (casein group or casein supplemented with isoflavones). During 9 week of the study, food consumption was determined every other day through the measurement of total food given subtracting the food uneaten from original amount given. Rats in two experimental groups had similar initial body weights. At the end of experiment, however, the casein group had significantly greater body weights compared to casein supplemented with isoflavones group. It was also observed that the casein group had greater food intake comared to casein supplemented with isoflavones group. The difference in the final body weights of the groups was therefore due to difference in amount of food ingested, but could be due to the effect of isoflavones. Total BMD, spine BMD, and spine BMC per weight and femoral BMD per weight were significantly greater in casein supplemented with isolaones group than casein group. ALP and osteocalcin were significantly greater in the casein-fed group. Crosslink value was significantly lower in the casein supplemented with isoflavones group, All other variables were statistically similar between two groups. Overall, it can be concluded that casein supplemented with isoflavones beneficial for acquisition of bone mineral density and content on growing male rats.

• The Korean Journal of Rehabilitation Nursing
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.146-154
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• 2001

The purposes of this study was to determine the effect of exercise in stroke patients and to define to strategy to promote their activity of daily living, decrease to their depression. The experiemental design was designed nonequivalent control group non-synchronized design. The study method had been done by investigating the experimental group and control group through the questionaire on 60 patients who had been in patient department in D University hospital and K University hospital in Busan from November 5th, 2000 to the end of February 28th, 2001. Exercise was conducted by the researcher and was carried out experimental group once per day for 20 minutes for daily fourteen days. ADL check List tool by Kang and Center of Epideilogic Studies-Depression (CES-D) were used for measurement in this study. The data was analyzed by means of freqency, percentage, $mean{\pm}SD$, t-test, chi-square test and ANOVA with SPSS/PC. The results were summarized as follow; 1. The experimental group which received exercise should be higher in activity of daily living than the control group was supported (t=2.70, P=.009). 2. The experimental group which received exercise should be lower in depression than the control group was not support(t=-1.120, P=.267) but experimental group post-pre depression score support(t=7.247, P=.000). 3. Factors influencing the activity of daily living measured are payer of medical expenses (F=3.98, P=.018) and complications(t=3.97, P=.056). 4. Factors influencing the depression measured are economic status(F=5.71, P=.009) and caregivers (F=3.09, P=.045). In conclusion, the exercise incresed the activity of daily living and effect on depression of stroke patiens. Based upon these results, it is recommended that the nurses who take care of stroke patients such as exercise.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.222-228
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to compare mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA; Dentsply, Tulsa Dental, Tulsa, OK, USA), which is widely used as root-end filling material, with DiaRoot BioAggregate (DB; Innovative BioCaramix Inc, Vancouver, BC, Canada), newly developed product, by using MG63 osteoblast-like cells. MTA, DB, and Intermediate Restorative Material (IRM; Dentsply Caulk, Milford, DE, USA) were used for root-end filling material while tissue culture plastic was used for control group. Each material was mixed and, the mixtures were left to set for 24 hours. MG63 cells were seeded to each group and then they were cultured for attachment for 4 hours. Following the attachment of cells to the root-end filling material, early cellular response was observed. After another 12 hours'culture, the level of attachment between cells and material was observed and in order to identify the effect of each material to bone formation, transforming growth factor beta1 ($TGF{\beta}1$) and osteocalin (OC) were estimated by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and the amount of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) was also measured. The data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA. As a result, only at OC and the number of cells which were attached to materials, there was no statistical difference between MTA and DB. At other items, there was statistically significant difference in all groups. Although DB has not shown exactly the same cellular response like that of MTA, the number of attached cells shows that biocompatibility of the material and OC indicates bone formation rate. Therefore, if DB is used for root end filling material, it is expected to lead to similar results to MTA.

• Journal of the Korean Operations Research and Management Science Society
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.105-128
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• 2005

The Purpose of the current study is to identify the differences between Samsung and Hyundai Group and the causes why the differences occurred. The study focuses on the founders of the two group as a main source of the differences, especially brain preference of the two founders. Two steps were employed to perform the study. Firstly, the two founders' characteristics were analyzed by using archival research. It was implicitly hypothesized that Group founders' characteristics explained the differences of the two Groups. It was found that the founder of Samsung Group, the late president Lee emphasized rationality, analysis, and cause/effect relationship and low risk taking, suggesting that he had left-brain preference. In contrast. the late president Chung, the founder of Hyundai Group, emphasized intuition, wholeness, contextual meaning, and risk taking, showing that he had right-brain preference. Secondly, a comparison between the two groups was performed in terms of business and financial risk in corporate portfolio, and management system. It was found that Hyundai Group was pursuing higher risk than Samsung Group. And it was observed that Samsung Group put more emphasis on formality in decision making and systematic control, and less emphasis on risk taking than Hyundai Group. From the two step research relationship between brian preference and management was reasoned. Research implications and limitations were discussed at the end of the study.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.283-289
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• 2010

This study investigated the effect of coffee intake and exercise on the antioxidative activity and plasma cholesterol profile of physically trained rats while they were exercising. Forty eight rats were under either the control diet with water (C) or control diet with coffee (CF) and at the same time they were given physical training for 4 weeks. In terms of physical training, the rats were exercised on a treadmill for 30 minutes everyday. At the end of 4 weeks, animals in each dietary group were subdivided into 3 groups: before-exercise (BE); during-exercise (DE); after-exercise (AE). Animals in the DE group were exercised on a treadmill for one hour, immediately before being sacrificed. Animals in the AE group were allowed to take a rest for one hour after exercise. TG levels were significantly high in coffee intake group than in control group. Also TG level of AE group was significantly higher than that of BE group. Exercise and coffee-exercise interaction effects were significant in total cholesterol (P = 0.0004, 0.0170). The AE of coffee intake group showed highest total cholesterol levels. HDL-cholesterol was significantly lower in coffee intake group than in control group. Coffee, exercise, and coffee-exercise interaction effects were significant in SOD (P = 0.0001, 0.0001, and 0.0001). The AE and BE of coffee intake group showed higher SOD levels than the other four groups. Catalase activities were significantly higher in coffee intake group than control group. No significant main effect was found in GSH/GSSG. Coffee, exercise, and coffee-exercise interaction effects were significant in MDA levels (P = 0.0464, 0.0016, and 0.0353). The DE and AE of coffee intake group and the DE of control group showed higher MDA levels than the BE of control group. Therefore, coffee intake can promote activities of antioxidant enzyme but it also increases MDA and decreases HDL-cholesterol in physically trained rats.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.28 no.9
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• pp.1281-1287
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• 2015

This study was performed to determine the effect of field pea silages which were the organic acid (OA) alternative of oregano and cinnamon essential oils on fermentation quality and aerobic stability. Whole crop pea was harvested at full pod stage and wilted in the laboratory at the 48 h. The chopped pea was mixed and divided into equal portions allocated to five groups: CON (non-treated), distilled water, denoted as control group; OA group, a mixture of 60% formic acid, 20% sodium formate and 20% water applied at a rate of 5 g/kg fresh forage (Silofarm Liquid, Farmavet); origanum (ORE) group, Origanum onites essential oil at 400 mg/kg fresh forage; cinnamon (CIN) group, cinnamon essential oil at 400 mg/kg fresh forage; origanum+cinnamon (ORECIN) group, a mixture of ORE and CIN applied at an equal rate of 400 mg/kg fresh forage. Cinnamon decreased acetic acid (AA), ammonia nitrogen ($NH_3-N$) and weight loss (WL) at the end of 60 days silage. Crude protein (CP) and dry matter (DM) increased by cinnamon essential oil. Yeasts were not detected in any treatments, including the control, after 7 days of air exposure. The $CO_2$ amount decreased and the formation mold was inhibited in the aerobic period by the addition of cinnamon oil. Oregano did not show a similar effect, but when it was used with cinnamon, it showed synergic effect on AA and during aerobic period, it showed antagonistic effect on mold formation and DM losses. It was found in this study that cinnamon can be an alternative to organic acids.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.167-174
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• 2013

In this study, we intended to show the interaction effect between brand reputation and chronic regulatory focus, and intended to show mederatory effect as an interaction as well as the main effect of two variable. To this end, Pulmuone(a high level of brand reputation) and Green(a low level of brand reputation) as parent brand and cosmetics as extention product were selected. The results of the study are as follows: The first, on brand extension evaluation, a high level of brand reputation was more positive than a low level of brand reputation. The second, brand extension evaluation was mere positive in the promotion focus group than in the prevention focus group. The third, In case of high level of brand reputation, there was no significant differences between the prevention focus group and the promotion focus group in brand extension evaluation. On the other hand, low level of brand reputation, there was significant differences between two variables. Therefore, we found the interaction effect between promotion focus group and prevention focus group.