• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.44 no.1 s.215
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• pp.115-129
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to investigate factors related to the parental role in satisfaction and parenting behaviors. The subjects were 102 employed mothers and 110 unemployed mothers of 5-year-old children living in Seoul, Korea. The measures were questionnaire, the Parental Role Satisfaction Scale and the Parenting Behaviors Scale. The data were analyzed by Cronbach's ${\alpha}$, frequency, percentile, mean, correlation, multiple regression and Chow-test. Consistent with Belsky's model of the determinants of parenting, the parental role satisfaction and parenting behaviors of both employed and unemployed mothers were influenced by child characteristics, parent characteristics, and family factors. Results showed that the parental role satisfaction of both employed and unemployed mothers was correlated to child's birth order, temperament and health of child, mothers' and fathers' age, fathers' educational level, and family income. Parenting behaviors were also correlated to sex of child, child's birth order, temperament of child, parental educational level, and family income for employed mothers and to health of child, mothers' and fathers' age, mothers' educational level, and family income for unemployed mothers. Especially, father's age for employed mothers, and child's temperament for unemployed mothers, were the most strongly related variables for parental role satisfaction. On the other hand, family income for employed mothers, and fathers' age for unemployed mothers were the most strongly related variables for parenting behaviors.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.229-239
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• 2013

This study attempted to examine whether there is a relationship between parental stress and the accessible and mobilizable social capital of mothers raising young children by the mothers' employment status. The sample included 284 employed and 287 non-employed mothers who have children younger than the age of 5. Three research questions were as follows: 1) do the accessible and mobilizable social capital of mothers and parental stress differ by the mothers' employment status? 2) are the accessible and mobilizable social capital of employed mothers related to the level of parental stress? And finally, 3) are the accessible and mobilizable social capital of unemployed mothers related to the level of parental stress? The results showed that no significant difference was found in accessing social capital by the employment status of mothers. However, employed mothers were capable of mobilizing more social capital for childcare assistance than non-employed mothers. The parental stress of employed mothers was significantly lower than that of non-employed mothers. For employed mothers, their mobilizable social capital contributed to the reduction of parental stress. For non-employed mothers, their capability of accessing social capital significantly predicted lower levels of parental stress. These results indicate that the concept of social capital could be taken into consideration when explaining the parental stress of married mothers raising young children.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.42 no.11
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• pp.109-122
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• 2004

This study examined the characteristics of children, parents, family, and the extra context related to the parenting stress of employed and unemployed mothers from a broader perspective. The subjects were 323 employed mothers 3nd 300 unemployed mothers of pre-school age children. Parenting stress due to the role of being a parent for both employed and unemployed mothers was correlated with the chid's activity level, husband support, quality of life, available social support, and satisfaction of early childhood program's location. Parenting stress due to child-rearing of both employed and unemployed mothers was correlated with child's birth order, activity level and rhythmicity of child, husband support, quality of life, available social support, and satisfaction of early childhood program. Number of children was the strongest predictor of parenting stress due to the role of being a parent for employed mothers and the child's activity level for unemployed mothers. Besides, the child's activity level was the strongest predictor of parenting stress due to child-rearing for both employed and unemployed mothers.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.27-43
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• 2016

This study aims to better estimate the amount of time spent for child care and to understand the characteristics of time spent for child care among employed and non-employed mothers with children under age 6 by taking concurrent activities into account. To assess time spent for child care, I differentiate child care activities into three types: primary activity without concurrent activities, primary activity with concurrent activities, and secondary activity with concurrent activities. The Major results of this study are as follows: First, employed mothers spent 145 minutes less than non-employed mothers in the total amount of time spent for child care during weekdays and this difference diminished to 62 minutes on weekends. Specifically there were differences in all types of time spent for child care among employed and non-employed mothers during weekdays, while the difference was only significant in the average amount of primary time spent for child care without concurrent activities on weekends. Second, there was no difference in the average ratio of time spent for child care with concurrent activities among employed and non-employed mothers during weekdays. By contrast, the average ratio of time spent for child care with concurrent activities of employed mothers was 5% higher than non-employed mothers on weekends. Lastly, the highest concurrent activity with child care activities was leisure followed by housework. This means that child care, leisure, and housework are somewhat related to each other among mothers.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.301-314
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• 1997

The purpose of this study is to analyze difference of life satisfaction of employed wives by living with mother-in-law or mothers. Life satisfaction of employed wives are measured by marital satisfaction the satisfaction of used time and role performamce and financial satisfaction. For this study 449 employed wives in Tajean are the subjects of survey. The main results were as follows; 1. The degree of life satisfaction of employed wives indicated more than middle level(M=3.44) While the degree of satisfaction in marital satisfaction indicated high the degree of satsifaction in the used time and role performance indicated low 2. On the whole the influential valiables on the marital satisfacton of employed wives were found in the following oreders; wife's and husband's educationa level job and income. 3. There were a non-significant difference in the life satisfaction of employed wives between living with mothers or not. But the differences between living with mothers-in-low an mothers were significant in the satisfaction of used time and role performance.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.593-607
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• 2013

This study was conducted to identify adults' knowledge, dietary behavior related to sodium, and attitude towards. The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of the quality of multiple roles and psychological well-being upon parenting behavior among employed mothers. The subjects were 172 employed mothers living in Seoul, Korea. The results are as follows. First, the quality of parental role was related to all of subscales of parenting behaviors of employed mothers. Second, employed mothers' higher autonomy was significantly associated with greater intimacy and reasoning guidance in their parenting. Third, employed mothers with greater positive relationship and autonomy were more likely to exhibit limit setting. Finally, higher level of environmental mastery and autonomy was related to greater parental involvement. Mothers' psychological well being was not significantly related to mothers' responsiveness.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.59-75
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• 2003

Using ecological perspectives, this study investigated variables that affect the life satisfaction of employed and unemployed mothers. The subjects were 623 mothers who had preschool and kindergarten age children living in Seoul, Inchon, and Kyonggi areas. Results showed that the life satisfaction was higher in employed mothers and differed by mothers' and fathers' educational level, family composition, and family income. Life satisfaction of both employed and unemployed mothers correlated highly with parental stress, husband's support of child-rearing, social support, and satisfaction with early childhood program. Husband's support of child-rearing was the strongest predictor of life satisfaction for both employed and unemployed mothers.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.379-390
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• 1996

This study attempted to investigate the state of the children's after-school care with low income employed mothers. The survey was conducted by means of the structured questionnaire. The questionnaire was built on the previous studies. The sample size was 418 mothers in Pusan. The results were summarized as follows : 1. Most of the children with low class employed mothers showed the self-care state. 2. Most of the children with low class employed mothers were found to spend more time alone in their houses. 3. Most of the children with low class employed mothers tended to have more difficulties in getting contact with their mothers and they were left to prepare their foods by themselves. 4. Most of the low class employed mother thought that safer environment and better education were immediate problems to be solved for their children's. 5. Most of the low class employed mothers needed after-school care facilities.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.294-302
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• 2009

Purpose: This study was done to compare the level of parenting stress, entrapment, satisfaction of paternal support, and marital satisfaction between employed and non-employed mothers and to identify significant predictors for parenting stress. Methods: With a cross-sectional, correlational study design, a sample of study was consisted of 175 women who were employed or non-employed with preschool children through convenience sampling. Data were collected with a structured self-administered questionnaire and analyzed by $x^2$-test, t-test, Pearson's coefficients, and multiple regression analysis using SPSS program. Results: Results shows that the level of parenting stress of non-employed mothers was significant higher than that of employed mother. The parenting stress was negatively correlated to marital satisfaction and positively correlated to entrapment in both of them. Entrapment was significant predictors explaining parenting stress in both of them and level of maternal education and satisfaction of paternal support and was significant predictors explaining parenting stress of non-employed mothers. Conclusion: Entrapment was very important factors to management parenting stress of both employed and non-employed mothers. Especially, satisfaction of paternal support and marital satisfaction was very important factor to manage parenting stress of mothers.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.25-41
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• 1995

The purpose of this study was to investigate employed mothers' psychological well-being, focused on positive affect and life satisfaction. the subjects were 189 fulltime employed mothers who had preschool children living in Seoul. The major findings were as follows : 1) Marital satisfaction and job satisfaction of employed mothers were positively related to their positive affect and life satisfaction. 2) the amount of social support was not related to psychological well-being, But, the more satisfied with social support employed mothers have received, the more frequently they felt positive affect and the more satisfied with their lives. 3) The variables which explained the variances of positive affect dimension were marital satisfaction, job satisfaction and the age of employed mothers and the variables explaining the variances of life satisfaction dimension were marital satisfaction, the extent of husbands' sharing in child care and job satisfaction.