• Journal of Aerospace System Engineering
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• v.14 no.spc
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• pp.7-12
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• 2020

In this paper the new revision of Korean Airworthiness Standards (KAS) - Emissions was proposed for enforced environmental standards. The Aircraft Engine Fuel Venting and Exhaust Emissions Requirements have been only defined for smoke, HC, CO and NOx as management items in previous KAS. However, this standard has not covered the current situation that International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) and United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) enforced environmental regulations, such as emissions trading system, limitation of CO₂ emissions and restriction of exhaust gas. In order to overcome these outdated situations, we presented the new requirements for aircraft exhaust gas emissions standard of Korea based on the latest standards of United States, Europe and other countries.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.3-12
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• 2014

This study aims at providing an economic assessment for incineration plants which recover heat during its incineration process. In this study, Life Cycle Cost(LCC) of incineration plants is performed based on each regression analysis formula for construction cost, operation cost, and heat generation in order to compare economic feasibility. The result shows that the incineration plant recovering waste heat while processing 80 tons of waste per day increases both initial investment and operation cost but this type of an incineration plant has economical predominance from the recovered waste heat over the one that does not recover heat when being operated for more than eleven years if the retrieved heat replaces the use of LNG. And its payback time reaches more than 19 years in case of selling heat and performing emission trading.

• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.68 no.1
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• pp.27-35
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• 2019

There is a growing interest in various microgrid solutions that supply electricity 24 hours a day to off-grid areas where are not connected with the main grid, and Korea has many positive effects by constructing overseas microgrids as a country operating the emission trading scheme. Since it is not clear how to obtain load curves that is one of the inputs of the HOMER used to design a microgrid optimization plan, or it is necessary to examine whether electricity is supplied to the peak load level of the areas where have not received the electricity benefits from the viewpoint of the demand management, a methodology should be developed to know the load composition ratio and the shape of the daily load curve. In this paper, the relative coefficient and average load information for each load group obtained from the survey are used besides peak load and total average load. A mathematical model is proposed to derive the load composition ratio in the form of a Quadratic Programming and the load forecasting is performed using simple linear regression with future indicators. The effectiveness of the proposed method is confirmed for the Philippine island region supported by Korea Energy Agency and the Asian Development Bank.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.293-305
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• 2009

Methane, as a greenhouse gas, is some 21~25 times more detrimental to the environmental than carbon dioxide. Landfills generally constitute the most important anthropogenic source, and methane emission from landfill was estimated as 35~73 Tg per year. Biological approaches using biocover (open system) and biofilter (closed system) can be a promising solution for older and/or smaller landfills where the methane production is too low for energy recovery or flaring and installation of a gas extraction system is inefficient. Methanotrophic bacteria, utilizing methane as a sole carbon and energy source, are responsible for the aerobic degradation (oxidation) of methane in the biological systems. Many bench-scale studies have demonstrated a high oxidation capacity in diverse filter bed materials such as soil, compost, earthworm cast and etc. Compost had been most often employed in the biological systems, and the methane oxidation rates in compost biocovers/boifilters ranged from 50 to $700\;g-CH_4\;m^{-2}\;d^{-1}$. Some preliminary field trials have showed the suitability of biocovers/biofilters for practical application and their satisfactory performance in mitigation methane emissions. Since the reduction of landfill methane emissions has been linked to carbon credits and trading schemes, the verified quantification of mitigated emissions through biocovers/biofilters is very important. Therefore, the assessment of in situ biocovers/biofilters performance should be standardized, and the reliable quantification methods of methane reduction is necessary.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.277-287
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• 2015

This paper addresses limitations of land-change modeling application in the context of REDD (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation). REDD is an international conservation policy that aims to protect forests via carbon credit generation and trading. In REDD, carbon credits are generated only if there is measurable quantied carbon sequestration activities that are additional to business-as-usual (BAU). A "reference level" is defined as simulated baseline carbon emissions for the future under a BAU scenario, and predictive land-change modeling plays an important role in constructing reference levels. It is tested in this research how predictive accuracies of two land-change models, namely Geographic Emission Benchmark (GEB) and GEOMOD, vary with respect to different spatial scales: Xishuangbanna prefecture and Yunnan province. The accuracies are measured by Figure of Merit. In this Chinese case study, it turns out that GEB's better performance is mainly due to quantity (e.g., how many hectares of forest will be converted to agricultural land?) rather than spatial allocation (e.g., where will the conversion happen?). As both quantity and allocation are crucial in REDD reference level setting it appears to be fundamental to systematically analyze accuracies of quantity and allocation independently in pursuit of accurate reference levels.

• Journal of Climate Change Research
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.115-131
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• 2011

Out of all the possible actions that can be taken to respond to greenhouse gas reduction, including development of greenhouse gas reduction technology, infrastructure, actions to improve energy saving and efficiency, and offset with carbon emission reductions (CERs), this study shall focus on the investment on CERs. This study will take a look at risks involved with investing in CERs such as UN registration refusal risk and CERs price fluctuation, and will design risk management model which shall be verified. The goal of this paper is to provide optimized CERs investment strategies for different types of investors, such as general trading companies seeking for investment opportunities and financial companies with plans for green products development and investment by preparation for carbon market. It is expected that the global competitiveness of domestic financial companies shall be improved by taking actions on carbon market instead of previous passive response to climate change and that Korea, the number two Carbon Emissions supplier and number one derivatives market in terms of volume, shall be able to lead the worldwide carbon market.

• 한국산학경영학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2006.06a
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• pp.147-170
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• 2006

Landfill gas is a mixture of methane and carbon dioxide produced by the bacterial decomposition of organic wastes, and it is considered to produce bad smells and pollute the environment. Economic trials and the developments of landfill gas, as an alternative energy resource, become known at the recent years, Resource development of landfill gas, which is managed by Korea up to now, is for the most part generation using gas engine. Medium BTU and High BTU are considered for the power generation as well. Most income of generation using gas engine is selling charge through a power plant. Expecting to manage the power plant for up to 10 years, the analysis based on revenue and expenditure shows when the unit price is 65.2 Won and the operating rate reaches 90%, it is possible to be into the black in 2012 without considering additional financial expense, It was also analyzed that the profit at a unit price of 85 Won under the anticipated rising unit price by the operating rate of 71% is larger than at the operating rate of 90% under limited unit price of 65.2 Won. It means to manage the power plant at a unit price of 65.2 Won and the operating rate must be higher than 90% for economic logicality. If we assume that the operating rate is 90% and it increases the unit price, the unit price must be higher than 85 Won for the management of a power plant. Analysis of changing a unit price, however, might be expected to have a gradual rise of prices. If there is no price rising and additional income related to CDM(Clean Development Mechanism) and emission trading upon Kyoto protocol, the management of a power plant using gas engine will get financial difficulties because of many operating expenses. However, since landfill gas is considered as a worthy energy resource for the guarantee of sustainable development and for the equity between recent generation and future generation, the development of it must be accomplished by the government's additional supporting and efforts under the interest of all stakeholder who are involved.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.99-120
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• 2017

In SS branch of Korea District Heating Corporation, Combined Heat & Power power plant with 99MW capacity and 98Gcal / h capacity is operated as a district electricity business. In this region, it is difficult to operate the generator due to the problem of surplus heat treatment between June and September due to the economic recession and the decrease in demand, so it is urgent to develop an economical energy new business model. In this study, we will develop an optimized operation model by introducing a renewable energy hybrid system based on actual operation data of this site. In particular, among renewable energy sources, fuel cell (Fuel Cell) power generation which can generate heat and electricity at the same time with limited location constraints, photovoltaic power generation which is representative renewable energy, ESS (Energy Storage System). HOMER (Hybrid Optimization of Multiple Energy Resources) program was used to select the optimal model. As a result of the economic analysis, 99MW CHP combined cycle power generation is the most economical in terms of net present cost (NPC), but 99MW CHP in terms of carbon emission trading and renewable energy certificate And 5MW fuel cells, and 521kW of solar power to supply electricity and heat than the supply of electricity and heat by 99MW CHP cogeneration power, it was shown that it is economically up to 247.5 billion won. we confirmed the results of the improvement of the zone electricity business condition by introducing the fuel cell and the renewable energy hybrid system as the optimization process model.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.52 no.3
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• pp.347-354
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• 2014

Economic evaluation of the manufacturing technology of high-value chemicals through the carbonation reaction of carbon dioxide contained in the flue gas was performed, and analysis of the IRR (Internal Rate of Return) and whole profit along the production plan of the final product was conducted. Through a carbonation reaction with sodium hydroxide that is generated from electrolysis and by using carbon dioxide in the combustion gas that is generated in the power plant, it is possible to get a high value products such as sodium bicarbonate compound and also to reduce the carbon dioxide emission simultaneously. The IRR (Internal Rate of Return) and NPV (Net Present Value) methods were used for the economic evaluation of the process which could handle carbon dioxide of 100 tons per day in the period of the 20 years of plant operation. The results of economic evaluation showed that the IRR of baseline case of technology was 67.2% and the profit that obtained during the whole operation period (20 years) was 346,922 million won based on NPV value. When considering ETS due to the emissions trading enforcement that will be activated in 2015, the NPV was improved to a 6,000 million won. Based on this results, it could be concluded that this $CO_2$ carbonation technology is an cost-effective technology option for the reduction of greenhouse gas.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.463-488
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• 2015

A more detailed design of offset system is needed according to the emission trading system started in 2015. This study aims to estimate the supply of potential offset that can be secured by expanding high-efficiency household electric appliances. The target commodities for analysis are three different householding electric appliances: TV, washing machine, electric fan, refrigerator and air conditioner. By using the ARDL model, we estimated the coefficients of diffusion of these high-efficiency appliances from 2016 to 2022. Then, the potential supply of offset was drawn by calculating the amount of electricity saving by efficiency improvement and by applying the rates of carbon exchange. Supposing that the electricity savings rates of high-efficiency appliances are each 10% and 20%, the accumulated carbon decrement in 2022 was respectively $361,899CO_2t$ and $723,797CO_2t$. The appliance that showed the biggest carbon decrement was air conditioner, and the second biggest was refrigerator and the next was TV, followed by washing machine, electric fan.