• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.368-377
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• 2015

Bunker C fuel oil is a high-viscosity oil obtained from petroleum distillation as a residue. The sulfur content of bunker C fuel oil is limited to 4.0% or even lower to protect the environment. Because bunker C fuel oil is burned in a furnace or boiler for the generation of heat or used in an engine for the generation of power, carbon dioxide is emitted as a result of combustion. The objective of this study is to investigate $CO_2$ emission characteristics of bunker C fuel oil by sulfur contents. Calorific values and carbon contents of the fuels were measured using the oxygen bomb calorimeter method and the CHN elemental analysis method, respectively. Sulfur and hydrogen contents, which were used to calculate the net calorific value, were also measured and then net calorific values and $CO_2$ emission factors were determined. The results showed that hydrogen content increases and carbon content decreases by reducing sulfur contents for bunker C fuel oil with sulfur contents less than 1.0%. For sulfur contents between 1.0% and 4.0%, carbon content increases as sulfur content decreases but there is no evident variation in hydrogen content. Net calorific value increases by reducing sulfur contents. $CO_2$ emission factor, which is calculated by dividing carbon content by net calorific value, decreases as sulfur content decreases for bunker C fuel oil with sulfur contents less than 1.0% but it showed relatively constant values for sulfur contents between 1.0% and 4.0%.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.507-516
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• 2010

Stationary combustion sources such as coal-fired power plants, waste incinerators, industrial manufacturing, etc. are recognized as major sources of mercury emissions. Due to rapid economic growth, zinc production in Korea has increased significantly during the last 30 years. Total zinc production in Korea exceeded 739,000 tons in 2008, and Korea is currently the third largest zinc producing country in the world. Previous studies have revealed that zinc smelting has become one of the largest single sectors of total mercury emissions in the World. However, studies on this sector are very limited, and a large gap in the knowledge regarding emissions from this sector needs to be bridged. In this paper, Hg emission measurements were performed to develop emission factors from zinc smelting process. Stack sampling and analysis were carried out utilizing the Ontario Hydro method and US EPA method 101A. Preliminary data showed that $Hg^0$ concentrations in the flue gas ranged from 4.56 to $9.90\;{\mu}g/m^3$ with an average of $6.40\;{\mu}g/m^3$, Hg(p) concentrations ranged from 0.03 to $0.09\;{\mu}g/m^3$ with an average of $0.04\;{\mu}g/m^3$, and RGM concentrations ranged from 0.23 to $1.17\;{\mu}g/m^3$ with an average of $6.40\;{\mu}g/m^3$. To date, emission factors of 7.5~8.0 g/ton for Europe, North America and Australia, and of 20 or 25 g/ton for Africa, Asia and South America are widely accepted by researchers. In this study, Hg emission factors were estimated using the data measured at the commercial facilities as emissions per ton of zinc product. Emission factors for mercury from zinc smelting pross ranged from 4.32 to 12.96 mg/ton with an average of 8.31 mg/ton. The emission factors that we obtained in this study are relatively low, considering Hg contents in the zinc ores and control technology in use. However, as these values are estimated by limited data of single measurement of each, the emission factor and total emission amount must be updated in future.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.873-878
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• 2005

Emissions of nitrous oxide (N$_2$O) and methane (CH$_4$) from poultry enteric fermentation were investigated using a respiration chamber. Birds were placed in a respiration chamber for certain intervals during their growing period or for the whole life cycle. The accumulated gas inside the chamber was sampled and analyzed for N$_2$O and CH$_4$ production. A curve for gas production during a life cycle was fitted. The calculated area under the curve estimated the emission factor of poultry enteric fermentation on a life cycle basis (mg bird$^{-1}$ life cycle$^{-1}$). This method can be used to estimate CH$_4$ or N$_2$O emissions from different types of avian species taking into account factors such as diet, season or thermal effects. The CH$_4$/N$_2$O emission factors estimated for commercial broiler chickens, Taiwan country chickens and White Roman Geese were 15.87/0.03, 84.8/16.4 and 1,500/49 (mg bird$^{-1}$ life cycle$^{-1}$), respectively, while the calculated CH$_4$/N$_2$O emission from enteric fermentations were 3.03/0.006, 14.73/2.84 and 9.5/0.31 (Mg year$^{-1}$), respectively in Taiwan in the year of 2000. The described method is applicable to most poultry species and the reported emission factors were applicable to meat type poultry only.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.599-610
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• 2011

Emission of air pollutants such as nitrogen oxides ($NO_x$), hydrocarbons (HC), $SO_2$, and particulate matter (PM) and $CO_2$ from ship during 2009 in Busan port was estimated based on activity-based method. The significant fraction (> 50%) of ship emission resulted from container and general cargo ships. Emission at port operation mode was the most dominant compared to at sea and maneuvering modes. Emission at North port was the largest source of air pollutants among ports. The magnitudes of air pollutants $NO_x$, $SO_2$, HC, $CO_2$, and PM in Busan port were $8.7{\times}10^3$, $8.23{\times}10^3$, $0.35{\times}10^3$, $4.86{\times}10^6$, and $0.67{\times}10^3$ ton/yr, respectively. The ratio of $NO_x$ to VOC is about 25. Our ship emission estimate is 2 times higher than that in CAPSS emission inventory.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.8-13
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• 2008

Emissions from automobiles have long been considered a prime source of pollutants involved in smog formation and ozone production. Especially VOCs are associated with serious environmental problems such as photo-chemical smog as well as human health effects. Since motor vehicles are a major source of VOCs, estimating of emission from mobile source is the most important factor to control VOCs. VOCs are emitted from various pollution like motor vehicles, mobile and stationary source that has characteristics of toxicity, cancer-causing, bio-accumulation, durability in air and diffusion can exert a bad influence upon human health and environment. However we don't have any standard or regulation about VOCs emissions. This study is summarized as VOCs emission characteristics from in-use light-duty diesel and LPG fueled vehicles. The vehicle exhaust-gas test mode is CVS cycle and nier-10 cycles that developed on EPA and National Institute of Environmental Research. TO-14 method (Toxic Organic) was chosen for VOCs analysis from EPA in USA. This study results will be useful when make a emission factor and rule making of emission standard about domestic VOCs emission for the improve to air condition.

• 한국기후변화학회지
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.347-355
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• 2017

Methane and nitrous oxide are main greenhouse gases from agricultural system and their global warming potential are 25 and 258 times stronger than that of $CO_2$, respectively. In 2016, the emission was $21,290Gg\;tone\;CO_2-eq$. which was emitted from agriculture sector and about 3.1% of total GHG emission of Korea. Those guidelines that were published by IPCC have methodology for GHGs emission calculation as well as emission factor and so on. For recent 5 years, GHGs emissions in Korea have calculated by MRV which has been improved every year based on IPCC guidelines. Analysis as estimating method improvement showed that the methane emissions from rice cultivation were the lowest on 2012 methodology, and the highest on 2014 methodology. On the other hand, the emissions of agricultural soils were the lowest on 2015 methodology and the highest on 2012 methodology. Total emissions from agriculture sector were the lowest on 2015 methodology and the highest on 2012 methodology. Compared with 2016 methodology, the GHGs emitted as few as $-1,865Gg\;tone\;CO_2-eq$ and as many as $2,717Gg\;tone\;CO_2-eq$. GHGs emissions can vary greatly, depending on how to use the emission factor and activity data. Therefore, it need constantly a detailed analysis for methodology and GHGs emission in the future.

• 분석과학
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.191-200
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• 2009

이 연구는 소형방출챔버와 방출셀을 이용한 총휘발성유기화합물(TVOC) 방출시험결과의 상관성을 규명하여 방출셀을 이용한 액상 건축자재 오염물질 방출시험 방법을 정립하고 활용방안을 제시하기 위한 기초 자료를 확보하고자 수행되었다. 소형방출챔버와 방출셀을 이용한 액상 건축자재 방출시험을 실시하기 위해 방출시험 적합성 여부를 판단하고 최적조건을 확립하기 위하여 방출시험장치, 분석기기에 대한 성능평가를 실시하였다. 방출시험 장치인 소형방출챔버와 방출셀의 배경농도 청정도, 기밀도, 회수율, 분석장치인 열탈착장치 회수율 및 GC/MS 기기재현성, 방법검출한계(MDL) 등을 평가한 결과 방출시험장치와 분석기기의 조건은 안정적이고 재현성과 감도가 양호하여 액상 건축자재에서 방출되는 오염물질에 대한 측정 분석조건이 최적화되었음을 확인할 수 있었다. 페인트, 접착제, 실란트로 구성된 40개의 액상 건축자재를 대상으로 소형방출챔버와 방출셀을 이용하여 오염물질 방출시험을 실시한 결과 방출되는 총휘발성유기화합물의 농도는 소형 방출챔버와 방출셀에서 모두 대수정규분포(log normal distribution)하였으며 시험방법차이에 따른 방출량 분포의 차이는 크지 않았다. 또한 방출셀을 이용하여 오염물질 방출시험을 실시하였을 때, 소형방출챔버를 이용하였을 때보다 약 1.35~1.41배 높은 방출량을 나타내었으며 상관계수(r)가 약 0.91~0.97의 범위를 보여 높은 상관성이 있는 것으로 확인되었다.

• 분석과학
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.255-260
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• 2010

환경부에서는 오염물질 다량 방출 건축자재의 효율적인 관리를 위해 "다중이용시설 등의 실내 공기질 관리법" 중 접착제의 시험방법과 방출관리기준을 동시에 개정하였다. 따라서 기존 관리수준과 개정 관리수준의 직접적인 비교가 불가능하다. 이 연구에서는 접착제의 개정된 시험방법의 각 요소들이 오염물질 방출강도에 미치는 영향들을 기존 시험방법과 비교하여 검토하였다. 이를 통하여 개정된 오염물질 방출관리기준을 평가하였다. 그 결과 접착제는 시험기간의 변경으로 인해 방출강도가 약 2.5배 약화되었고 건조시간의 변경에 따른 방출강도의 차이는 거의 없는 것으로 나타났다. 시험방법의 변경된 내용을 적용한 TVOC 방출 관리기준은 기존 방출 관리기준에 비해 약 2.1배 강화된 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국가스학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.68-73
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• 2019

본 연구에서는 차대동력계 시험에서 수집한 자동차 배출가스자료를 엔진동력계에서 측정되는 동력계 단위로 변환하는 방법을 제안하였다. 엔진동력계 시험은 소요시간이 길고 비용이 높아 적용이 제한적일 경우 간편한 방법인 차대동력계 시험이 선호될 수 있다. 환산 방법은 거리기준 배출가스 자료에 모드 엔진효율을 고려하여 동력단위로 환산하는 방법이며 CO2 성분에 대해서 적용한 결과 환산 결과와 측정 결과 사이에 우수한 상관성을 확인하였다. 이 방법을 해외자료에 적용할 경우 CO2 배출성능에 대해 0.1% 이내로 일치함을 보였으나 CO, NOx 및 THC 와 같은 미량 배출성분 들은 같은 환산방법을 적용하기에는 상관성이 다소 떨어지며 추가적인 고려가 필요함을 보였다.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2011년도 제40회 동계학술대회 초록집
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• pp.245-246
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• 2011

Emission lines ratios were used for diagnostics of and excited level densities in low-temperature plasmas. In this work, an optical emission spectroscopy (OES) was used to determine the electron temperature and metastable level densities in low-pressure inductively coupled plasma. The emission spectroscopy method was based on a simple collisional-radiative model. The selected lines of the Ar(4p to 4s) were influenced by the radiation trapping at relatively high pressures where the plasma become optically thick. To quantify this effect, a pressure dependence factor ${\alpha}$(P) was derived by using corrections for the measured intensities. It was found that the lower metastable level densities were obtained when ${\alpha}$(P) increased with the increasing discharge pressure. The effect of non-Maxwellian electron energy distribution functions (EEDFs) on the metastables was also presented and discussed.