• Computers and Concrete
• /
• 제14권1호
• /
• pp.91-107
• /
• 2014

Using the principle of damage mechanics, zero-thickness pore pressure cohesive elements (PPCE) are used to simulate the casing-cement interface (CCI) and cement-rock interface (CRI). The traction-separation law describes the emergence and propagation of the PPCE. Mohr-coulomb criteria determines the elastic and plastic condition of cement sheath and rock. The finite element model (FEM) of delamination fractures emergence and propagation along the casing-cement-rock (CCR) interfaces during hydraulic fracturing is established, and the emergence and propagation of fractures along the wellbore axial and circumferential direction are simulated. Regadless of the perforation angle (the angle between the perforation and the max. horizontal principle stress), mirco-annulus will be produced alonge the wellbore circumferential direction when the cementation strength of the CCI and the CRI is less than the rock tensile strength; the delamination fractures are hard to propagate along the horizontal wellbore axial direction; emergence and propagation of delamination fractures are most likely produced on the shallow formation when the in-situ stresses are lower; the failure mode of cement sheath in the deep well is mainly interfaces seperation and body damange caused by cement expansion and contraction, or pressure testing and well shut-in operations.

• 한국작물학회지
• /
• 제24권4호
• /
• pp.19-25
• /
• 1979

수도와 육도 각 10 품종씩을 동시에 논재배와 밭재배 하였을 때 양조건에서 일어나는 변이를 생태적면에서 검토한 바 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 초장신장과 출엽속도는 전생육기간을 통하여 수도와 육도 모두 밭재배보다 논재배에서 빨랐다. 2. 엽신장은 전체적으로 수, 육도 모두 밭재배에서 길었으며 특히 3절위엽에서 가장 길었다. 또한 수도는 양 재배조건간의 변이에 품종간 차이가 있었으나 육도는 전품종이 밭재배에서 증가하였다. 3. 엽각과 엽폭은 수, 육도 모두가 대체적으로 밭재배에서 증가하는 경향을 나타내었으며 엽수는 전품종이 논재배보다 밭재배에서 증가하였다. 4. 출수는 전품종이 밭재배에서 현저히 지연되었으며 그 지연도는 육도보다 수도에서 컸다. 5. 간장은 수도의 전품종과 대부분의 육도가 논재배에서 증가하였으며 수장은 수도가 논재배에서, 육도가 밭재배에서 증가하는 경향이었고 고중은 대부분이 논재배에서 증가하는 편이었으나 Indica형의 육도는 밭재배에서 증가하였다.

• 설비공학논문집
• /
• 제13권12호
• /
• pp.1196-1204
• /
• 2001

The rivulet is a narrow stream of liquid flowing down a solid surface. When the rivulet\`s flow rate exceeds a certain limit, it tends to meander exhibiting the instability of its interface. This analysis performs a perturbation analysis of this meandering rivulet assuming an inviscid flow possessing contact angle hysteresis at the contact line. The analysis reveals that the contact angle hysteresis as well as the velocity difference across the inter-face, strongly induces the instability of the liquid interface. Moreover, when the rivulet veto-city is low, it is predicted that the axisymmetric disturbance amplifies more rapidly than the anti-axisymmetric disturbance, which explains the emergence of the droplet flow at the low velocity regime.

• 구강회복응용과학지
• /
• 제39권1호
• /
• pp.32-44
• /
• 2023

목적: 이번 연구는 상·하악 제1대구치 부위에 식립 된 단일 임플란트를 통해 임플란트-지대주 연결 유형이 임플란트의 변연골 소실 (MBL)에 영향을 주는지, 그리고 MBL에 영향을 끼치는 요인들을 알아보기 위해 분석하였다. 연구 재료 및 방법: 5년 이상의 추적 기간 동안, 상·하악 제1대구치 부위에 단일 임플란트를 식립하여 수복한 68명의 환자(남: 38명, 여: 30명)의 87 임플란트(external connection type (EC) 임플란트: 57개, internal connection type (IC) 임플란트: 30개)를 대상으로 추적 조사하였다. 최대 5년 후의 구내 방사선 영상에서 MBL과 보철물의 출현 각도(EA)를 측정하였다. 60 - 79세에 해당하는 환자의 비율이 52.9%로 가장 높았고 상악 구치부에 임플란트가 가장 많이 식립되었다. 결과: GBR을 하지 않은 경우 EC (-0.065 ± 0.859 mm)와 IC (-0.627 ± 0.639 mm)에서 유의한 차이가 있었고, 또한 당뇨병이 없는 환자들 사이에서 EC (-0.131 ± 1.002 mm)와 IC (-0.792 ± 0.762 mm)에서 유의한 차이가 존재하였다. 임플란트 매식체의 직경, 길이, 보철물 연결 방법, 임플란트 제조업체, 보철물의 emergence angle (EA)로 구분하였을 때 각군 간에 유의미한 차이가 없었다. 다중회귀분석을 이용하여 MBL에 영향을 주는 요인분석 결과 회귀계수의 유의성 검증에서 임플란트-지대주 체결 방식(β = -0.303), 당뇨병의 유무(β = -0.113), EA의 차이(β = -0.234), 나이(β = -0.776)에서 MBL에 통계학적으로 유의한 음의 상관관계를 보였다. 결론: IC가 EC보다 GBR을 하지 않은 경우와 당뇨병이 없는 환자들 사이에서 MBL이 작다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 또한 보철물의 EA가 30°보다 큰 보철물의 형태를 가진 임플란트가 30°보다 작은 보철물의 형태를 가진 임플란트 보다 MBL이 컸으며 나이가 많을수록 MBL이 크다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 임플란트의 MBL을 최소화하고 임플란트 안정성을 확보하기 위해서 임플란트 보철물의 EA와 임플란트-지대주 연결 유형을 세심하게 고려해야 할 것이다.

• International Journal of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
• /
• 제15권1호
• /
• pp.126-139
• /
• 2023

At present, naked-eye 3D appears more and more commonly on the facades of urban buildings. It brings an incredible visual experience to the audience by simulating the natural 3D 3D space effect. At the same time, it also creates enormous commercial value for city publicity and commercial advertisements. There is much research on naked-eye 3D visual effects, but for right-angle LED screens. Right-angle LED screen's brand-new expression method that has only become popular in recent years, how to convey a realistic naked-eye 3D effect through two LED screens combined at right angles has become a problem worth exploring. To explore the whole design ideas and production process of the naked-eye 3D impact of the right-angle LED screen, this paper is a preliminary study aimed at understanding the performance principle and expression features. Before the case analysis, first, understand the standard virtual 3D space construction techniques. Combining it with the optical illusion phenomenon, according to the expression principle of the naked-eye 3D effect of the right-angle LED screen, it can be summarized into seven expressions: Shadow, Color contrast, Background structure line, Magnify object, Object out of bounds, Object floating, Fusion of picture and background. By analyzing the optical illusion phenomenon used in the case, we summarized the main performance characteristics of the naked eye 3D effect. The emergence of right-angle LED screens breaks the limitation of a single plane of optical illusion art, perfectly combines building facades with naked-eye 3D visual effects, and provides designers with a brand-new creative platform. Understanding its production principles and main expressive features can help designers enter this innovative platform better.

• 한국정밀공학회지
• /
• 제29권12호
• /
• pp.1279-1284
• /
• 2012

Micro structures which are widely used at various fields are commonly fabricated by lithograph, etching and laser methods. Recently, with the emergence of micro tools and ultra-precision machine tools, fabrication of the micro structures obtained using end-milling are studied. However, there are some problems due to the diameter of the micro end-mill getting smaller below $100{\mu}m$. The micro run-out resulted from miniaturization of end-mills have influence seriously on accuracy of micro structures. The error of run-out with a tooling jig showed a decrease of about $9.3{\mu}m$. Furthermore, micro structures with width of $30{\mu}m$ could be applied through experiments of slot machining obtained using 30 and $50{\mu}m$ end-mill. Also, narrow angle structures with $30^{\circ}$ angle could be applied through analysis of machining acute angle structures. Based on basic experiments, micro fluidics channels and spiral patterns for air bearing were machined.

• 천문학회지
• /
• 제35권3호
• /
• pp.143-149
• /
• 2002

In this paper we present a methodology to derive the temporal change of the magnetic shear angle from a series of vector magnetograms, with a high time cadence. This method looks for the minimum change of the shear angle between a pair of magnetograms, free from the $180^{\circ}$ ambiguity, and then accumulates this change over many successive pairs to derive the temporal change of magnetic shear. This methodology will work well if only the successive magnetograms occurred in an active region are well aligned and its helicity sign is reasonably determined. We have applied this methodology to a set of vector magnetograms of NOAA Active Region 9661 on October 19, 2001 by the new digital magnetograph at the Big Bear Solar Observatory (BBSO). For this work we considered well aligned magnetograms whose cross-correlation values are larger than 0.95. As a result, we have confirmed the recent report of Wang et al. that there was the abrupt shear change associated with the X1.6 flare. It is also demonstrated that the shear change map can be an useful tool to highlight the local areas that experienced the abrupt shear change. Finally, we suggest that this observation should be a direct support of the emergence of sheared magnetic fields.

• 한국수학사학회지
• /
• 제30권1호
• /
• pp.31-50
• /
• 2017

This study analyses on the history of uniform convergence, and discusses its educational implications. First, this study inspects 'overflowing of the Euclidean methodology' which was suggested by Lakatos as a cause of tardy appearance of uniform convergence, and reinterprets that cause in the perspective of 'symbolization'. Second, this study looks into the emergence of uniform convergence of Seidel and Weierstrass in this viewpoint of symbolization. As a result, of analysis, we come to know that the definition of uniform convergence had been changed into the theory of 'domain and graph' from that of 'point and function value' by the location change of the quantifier. As these results, this study puts forward an educational suggestion from an angle of epistemological obstacle, concept definition and concept image.

• 대한임베디드공학회논문지
• /
• 제14권1호
• /
• pp.43-49
• /
• 2019

Recently, the importance of industrial fieldbus has been highlighted since the emergence of Industry 4.0. In particular, the Ethernet-based fieldbus protocol is actively used in automation systems. This paper proposes a safety fence system based on EtherCAT, a type of Ethernet-based fieldbus, to measure external loads. In order to measure the external loads, a force sensor was connected to an EtherCAT slave that transmits the sensor data to an EtherCAT master in real-time. The master ultimately controls the angle of the safety fence when it detects danger based on the given data. In the future, more effiecient safety fence system will be developed by using a HMI system to communicate with the EtherCAT master to manage safety and by employing multiple sensors to increase the accuracy of the fence system.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
• /
• 제36권6호
• /
• pp.628-636
• /
• 2020

Morphological (cyst shape, color, and sizes [length (L), maximum width (W), volume and "a" (L/W)]), structural (vulvar cone slope angle [VCSA], surface wrinkle [VCSW], cyst wall thickness, composition, and texture) and biological characteristics (fecundity, hatching, and emergence [number of second-stage juveniles (J2) from a cyst]) in preceding Heterodera glycines (Hg), currently-recorded H. sojae (Hs) and H. trifolii (Ht) were examined by microscopy. Cysts were lemon-shaped, indicating the genus is Heterodera except for Hs that formed frequently globular cysts with significantly flatter VCSA (102.2°) with smooth VCSW than Hg (50.6°) and Ht (82.0°), but not genus Globodera because of the presence of vulvar cone in Hs. Ht was significantly larger in all morphological characteristics than Hg and Hs, suggesting Ht may be diagnosed differentially by cyst sizes and also host plant preferences. Hs showed smaller "a" value with more globular shape and stronger structures with more thickened and strengthened collagen-like texture of cyst wall than Hg and Ht. This suggests Hs may be diagnosed differently by structural characteristics from the others, especially Hg with similar cyst sizes. There were no significant differences in emergence (inoculum potential) among cyst nematodes due to the offset of fecundity and hatching rate; however, the inoculum potential of Hs may be not so persistent as Hg and Ht in fields because of its lower fecundity and higher hatching rate (causing rapid inoculum loss) than the others. These characteristics of cysts provide information useful for simple and differential diagnoses and reliable management of cyst nematodes.