• 구강회복응용과학지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.173-180
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• 2006

Objectives The aim of this study is to compare the quality of root canal preparation completed using MFile-$System^{(R)}$ instrument ( Komet, Gebr.Brsaseler, Germany) and conventional stainless steel file in the canals of Maxillary molar teeth that had a canal curvature between $25^{\circ}$ or more Materials & Methods Buccal canals of 24 first and second maxillary molar teeth, extracted for periodontal and prosthetic reasons were used. Tissue fragments and calcified debris were removed from teeth by scaling and the teeth were stored in 10% formalin solution for 24 hour. Then, teeth were stored in saline until used. To be included the roots had to have completed formed apices and angle of curvature ranging between $25^{\circ}$ or more according to the criteria described by Schneider(1971). Palatal and Second mesiobuccal canals were not included. Teeth were embedded into transparent acrylic. The teeth were randomly divided into two experimental groups. All teeth were scanned by Dental CT (PSR9000N, Asahi, Japan) to determine the root canal shape before instrumentation. Image slices were prepared from the apical end point to the pulp chamber. The first two sections were 2 mm from the apical end of root and 2 mm below the orifice. Further section was recorded, dividing the distance between the sections of apical and coronal levels into two equal lengths. 12 teeth were instrumented using stainless steel fileand another 12 teeth were instrumented using MFile-$System^{(R)}$. Following the completion of the instrumentation, the teeth were again scanned and compared with the cross sectional images taken prior to canal preparation. Amount of transportation and centering ability was assessed. Student's t-test was used for statistical analysis. Result Less transportation occurred with MFile-$System^{(R)}$ rotary instrumentation than stainless steel instrument. MFile-$System^{(R)}$ had better centering ability than stainless steel instrument. Conclusion MFile-$System^{(R)}$ rotary instrumentation transported canals less and had good centering ability.

• 한국지반공학회논문집
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.141-152
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• 2002

본 논문은 급경사의 강성사면에 인접한 역 T형 옹벽에 작용하는 상재하중에 의한 연직 토압분포에 관한 실험적 수치해석적 연구결과이다. 강성사면의 조도, 사면과 옹벽 사이의 거리, 중력수준을 변화시킨 원심모형실험을 실시하고 옹벽 뒷채움재에 토압계를 매설하여 연직토압을 측정하였다. 상재하중에 의한 연직토압 분포에 관한 실험 결과를 기존의 두가지의 한계평형 해석이론 및 수치해석 결과와 각각 비교 분석하였다. 정성교(1993, 1997)에 의하여 제시된 보완 사이로이론과 흙쐐기이론을 사용한 한계 평형 해석법을 사용하였으며 그 이론을 확장하여 옹벽 배면 뒷채움재에 작용하는 상재하중에 의한 연직토압분포에 대한 특별해를 구하였다. 수치해석에서는 쌍곡선모델의 흙의 구성관계식이 적용된 FLAC 프로그램을 사용하였다. 수치해석에 의한 토압분포 산정 결과 원심모형실험 결과와 대부분의 경우에서 서로 일치하는 반면에 흙쐐기이론에서는 사면과 옹벽의 거리가 가까운 경우에 한하여 비교적 일치하는 경향을 보였다.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제42권5호
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• pp.535-543
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• 2004

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to compare the effect of two fiber post systems and one metal cast post system on the fracture strength and fracture pattern of crowned, endodontically treated teeth with 2 mm-height of the reamining tooth structure. Materials and methods: A total of 36 recently extracted sound human mandibular premolars were selected Each tooth structure of the crown portion except 2mm-height of the one above the cementoenamel junction was removed. After being endodontically treated, they were randomly distributed into 3 groups: group 1, restored with quarts fiber post(D.T. Light-Post), group 2, with glass fiber post(FRC Postec), and group 3, metal cast post and core. All teeth were fully covered with nonprecious metal crowns. Each specimen was embedded in an acrylic resin block and then secured in a universal load-testing machine. A compressive load was applied at a 130 degree angle to the long axis of the tooth until fractured, at a crosshead speed 20mm/min. The highest fracture loads were measured and recorded as the fracture strength of each specimen. Fracture areas were measured on the mid-buccal and mid-lingual point from the crown margins. One-way analysis of variance and Turkey test were used to determine the statistic significance of the different fracture loads and areas among the groups (p<0.05). Results: The mean fracture loads were $1391{\pm}$425N(group 1), $1458{\pm}476N$(group 2) and $1301{\pm}319N$(group 3). The fracture loads among the three groups had no statistically signifiant difference (p>.05). The mean fracture area of the fiber post was closer to the crown margin than that of the metal cast post and core(p<.05). The metal cast post showed unrestorable and catastrophic fracture patterns. Conclusion: Within the limitations of this study, fracture loads with any statistically significant difference were not recorded for endodontically treated teeth restored with two fiber posts and the metal cast post. But teeth restored with the fiber posts typically showed the fracture pattern close to the crown margin, which was almost restorable.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제45권5호
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• pp.644-652
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• 2007

Statement of problem: Resonance frequency analysis is evaluated as the non-invasive and objective method for the evaluation of implant stability and has been increasingly used. It is necessary to evaluate the factors affect the ISQ measurement stability. Purpose: This study was performed to evaluate the effect of the autoclave sterilization and reuse of $Smartpeg^{TM}$ on ISQ measurement. Material and methods: $SmartPeg^{TM}$ (Integration Diagnostics Ltd., $G\ddot{o}teborg$, Sweden) of autoclave group (A) was autoclave sterilized 9 times and $Smartpeg^{TM}$ of reuse group (R) was reused 9 times. Ten $SmartPeg^{TM}s$ were allocated to each group and after each autoclave sterilization and reuse, implant stability quotient (ISQ) values were measured 3 times from the two directions a and b at a right angle. $Osstell^{TM}$ mentor (Integration Diagnostics Ltd. $G\ddot{o}teborg$, Sweden) was used and type 1 (article no. 100353) $Smartpeg^{TM}$ was selected according to $Smartpeg^{TM}$ reference list. Osstem Implant US II future (Osstem Co., Seoul, Korea) in $4.0mm{\times}11.5mm$ was embedded in the self-curing acrylic resin ($Orthojet^{(R)}$, Lang Dental, U.S.A.). Data was statistically analyzed by one-way ANOVA $({\alpha}=.05)$ and scheffe test was done where a significant difference exist. Correlation test was also done between ISQ value and the number of autoclave sterilization or reuse. Results: 1. In autoclave group, the means and sd. of ISQ value before autoclave sterilization were $84.97{\pm}0.41,\;84.93{\pm}0.74$ at direction a and b. There was significant differences between autoclave groups at direction a and b (P=.000). 2. In reuse group, the means and sd. of ISQ value before reuse were $85.40{\pm}0.62,\;85.50{\pm}0.57$ at direction a and b. There was no significant difference between reuse groups at direction a and b (P>.05). 3. There was a weak positive correlation between the number of reuse and ISQ value at direction a and b (${\gamma}=.207$ and .246, P<.01). Conclusion: Within the limitations of this study, the following conclusions were drawn. Till ninth reuse of $Smartpeg^{TM}$, the ISQ measurement stability did not be affected. After twice autoclave sterilization of $Smartpeg^{TM}$ the ISQ measurement stability was affected.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.337-348
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• 1988

The purpose of this study was to examine the fracture strength and characteristics of teeth with MOD cavity preparation. Freshly extracted sound maxillary premolars were cleaned and stored in normal saline solution $37^{\circ}C$ for 72 hours before experiments. The roots of teeth were embedded in a self-curing resin, and the exposed crown were maintained in a vertical position by a modelling wax in a brass ring. The MOD cavities were prepared with No. 57 carbide bur under high speed to a depth of 2.0mm and a width of 2.0mm(Fig.1). All the prepared teeth specimens were divided into 7 groups according to the mode of cavity form and restorative materials (Table 1, 2): Group I, unpreapred, intact teeth as control Group II, prepared cavity without restoration Group III, prepared teeth restored with amalgam Group IV, prepared teeth restored with composite resin (P-10) Group V, prepared teeth with beveled enamel margins restored with composite resin (P-10) Group VI, prepared teeth restored with light-cured composite resin (P-30) Group VII, prepard teeth with beveled enamel margins restored with light-cured composite resin (P-30) After placement of restorations, all of the specimens were stored in water at $37^{\circ}C$ for 72 hours before testing. All of the specimens were tested on the Instron Universal Testing machine (No. 6025) in order to evaluate the strength of fracture. One metal ball 5.0mm in diameter contacting the specimens parallel to the occlusal surface was used to in this study (Fig. 1). The fracture characteristics of the specimens were examined with naked eye and in the scanning electron microscope (JSM-20). The results obtained from this study were as follows: 1. The mean fracture strength was the highest in group VI and that in group II was the lowest. 2. The progress of crack of teeth propagated into the pulp cavity. 3. In case of the group of the restored teeth, the crack occurred to be accompanied with cuspal fracture. 4. The crack of restored teeth was initiated along the pulpo-axial line angle of the cavity.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제41권2호
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• pp.232-242
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• 2003

Statement of problem : Fiber-reinforced posts have lower modulus of elasticity than titanium post or cast post-core. With this similar elasticity to that of dentin, fiber-reinforced posts have been known to have a tendency to reduce the risk of root fracture. However, there were few studies on the teeth restored with fiber-reinforced posts under the condition of reduced periodontal support. Purpose : The purpose of this study was to evaluate the fracture strength and failure mode of endodontically treated teeth restored with fiber-reinforced posts and titanium posts under the condition of reduced periodontal support. Material and method : Extracted human maxillary incisor roots were divided into 3 groups (group 1 carbon fiber post, group 2 : glass fiber post, and group 3 : titanium alloy post). After coronectomy and endodontic treatment, teeth were restored with each post systems and resin core according to the manufacturer's recommendation. Then, teeth with simulated periodontal ligament were embedded in the acrylic resin blocks at the level of 4 mm below the cemento-enamel junction. Each specimen was exposed to $10^5$ load cycles with average 30 N force in $36.5^{\circ}C$ water using a computer-controlled chewing simulator. Loads were applied at $45^{\circ}$ angle to the long axis of the teeth. After cyclic loading, teeth were subjected a compressive load until failure at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. Fracture strength (N) and failure mode were examined. The fracture strength was analyzed with one-way ANOVA and the Scheffe adjustment at the 95% significance level. Results and conclusion : The results were as follows. 1. There was no statistically significant difference in the mean fracture strength among the groups (P<.05). 2. Carbon fiber post and glass fiber post group showed less root fracture tendency than control group. 3. All specimens with root fractures showed fracture lines above the level of acrylic resin block, except for only one specimen in group 3.

• 한국지반공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지반공학회 2010년도 추계 학술발표회 3차
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• pp.72-77
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• 2010

The Incheon Bridge, which was opened to the traffic in October 2009, is an 18.4 km long sea-crossing bridge connecting the Incheon International Airport with the expressway networks around the Seoul metropolitan area by way of Songdo District of Incheon City. This bridge is an integration of several special featured bridges and the major part of the bridge consists of cable-stayed spans. This marine cable-stayed bridge has a main span of 800 m wide to cross the vessel navigation channel in and out of the Incheon Port. In waterways where ship collision is anticipated, bridges shall be designed to resist ship impact forces, and/or, adequately protected by ship impact protection (SIP) systems. For the Incheon Bridge, large diameter circular dolphins as SIP were made at 44 locations of the both side of the main span around the piers of the cable-stayed bridge span. This world's largest dolphin-type SIP system protects the bridge against the collision with 100,000 DWT tanker navigating the channel with speed of 10 knots. Diameter of the dolphin is up to 25 m. Vessel collision risk was assessed by probability based analysis with AASHTO Method-II. The annual frequency of bridge collapse through the risk analysis for 71,370 cases of the impact scenario was less than $0.5{\times}10^{-4}$ and satisfies design requirements. The dolphin is the circular sheet pile structure filled with crushed rock and closed at the top with a robust concrete cap. The structural design was performed with numerical analyses of which constitutional model was verified by the physical model experiment using the geo-centrifugal testing equipment. 3D non-linear finite element models were used to analyze the structural response and energy-dissipating capability of dolphins which were deeply embedded in the seabed. The dolphin structure secures external stability and internal stability for ordinary loads such as wave and current pressure. Considering failure mechanism, stability assessment was performed for the strength limit state and service limit state of the dolphins. The friction angle of the crushed stone as a filling material was reduced to $38^{\circ}$ considering the possibility of contracting behavior as the impact.

• 정보처리학회논문지B
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• 제13B권2호
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• pp.105-114
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• 2006

다양한 종류의 컴퓨터가 사람, 사물, 환경 속에 내재되어 있고, 이들이 서로 연결되어, 필요한 곳에서 활용할 수 있는 유비쿼터스 환경에서는 홈 네트워크를 통해 이 기종 기기간 다양한 데이터 교환을 요구한다. 더욱이 원활한 영상 데이터의 처리, 전송, 모니터링 기술은 핵심적 요소가 아닐 수 없다. 공간 및 시간적인 해상도, 컬러의 표현 그리고 화질의 측정방법 등 고전적 영상 처리 연구 분야뿐만 아니라 국한된 대역폭을 갖는 홈 네트워크의 전송 체계에서 전송률 문제에 대한 심도 있는 연구가 필요하다. 본 논문에서는 홈 네트워크 상황에서 콘텐츠의 중심이 되는 영상 데이터의 전송과 처리 그리고 제어를 위하여 새로운 움직임 추정 알고리즘을 제안하고 이를 이용하여 다중카메라에서 전송된 다차원 영상의 실시간 모니터링 시스템을 구현한다. 각도, 거리등 다양한 환경에서 전송되어지는 스테레오 카메라의 영상 데이터들은 축소, 확대, 이동, 보정 등 전처리 후 제안된 움직임 보상을 위한 변형계층 모션벡터 추정 알고리즘을 이용하여 압축 처리, 전송 된다. 기존 모션벡터 추정 알고리즘인 전역 탐색, 3단계 탐색, 계층적 탐색이 갖는 장점을 계승하고 단점을 보완한 변형계층 알고리즘은 비정형, 소형 매크로 블록을 이용하여 휘도의 편차가 큰 영상의 효율적 움직임 추정에 이용된다. 본 논문에서 제안한 변형계층 움직임 추정 알고리즘과 이를 이용해 구현된 영상 시스템은 유비궈터스 환경에서 다양하게 활용될 수 있다.

• 비교문화연구
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• 제25권
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• pp.453-482
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• 2011

Until now and in the studying of fantastic literature, there has been likely to regard the character as secondary element, compared to their actions. However, it has to be recognized that the characters is a barometer to divide the boundary among the marvellous literature, or fantasy, magic realism, etc., in particular it is an important narrative element to understand an epistemological vision of fantastic literature. This thesis analyzes the characters, focusing on two dimensions divided such as between protagonist/antagonist and protagonist narrator/editor narrator. The characters in fantastic literature are usually set-up as people like ourselves, because it is necessary for the readers to consider the supernatural phenomenon as real world situation. The reason why many characters in fantastic literature usually meet a tragic end is that the structure of fantastic literature embedded unresolved supernatural confusion into ordinary order in the end, while antagonists are viewed as holders of extraordinariness and they are far from vero-similarity. Together with usual characters who represent the world of logic and reason, antagonists who seek to understand more about the universe totally and thus regarded as symbols of intuition and imagination and ultimately are the elements of fantastic literature. On the other hand, the "first person narrator" is divided between "protagonist narrator" who narrates the supernatural things through his/her own experience to readers and "editor narrator" who narrates the other's experiences. Particularly in the case of "editor narrator", he/she may narrates the stories with different explication and angle, which lead to hesitation and confusion for readers to identify between reality and unreality or natural logic and supernatural one. Even though there are various categories in fantastic literature, this thesis exclude 'neo fantastic', 'metaphysical fantastic' ones, characterized as a possibility of convergence with the secondary interpretation and symbolic implication. Beyond these materials, the literatures which involved with this thesis and analysis are normally related with traditional fantastic literary works which supernatural events intervene in real world and bring out collision between real and unreal, or natural and supernatural logics. Based on this criteria, this thesis chooses literary works such as "De los Reyes Futuros", "El Perjurio de la Nieve" written by Adolfo Bioy Casares who is a representative author in Latin American fantastic literature.

• 한국지반공학회논문집
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• 제35권6호
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• pp.39-48
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• 2019

본 연구는 원심모형실험을 이용해 건조 사질토 지반에 근입된 모노파일의 수평 반복하중에 대한 거동을 연구하였다. 실험에 사용된 지반 시료는 상대밀도 80%에서 마찰각이 $38^{\circ}$인 건조 주문진 표준사를 사용했다. 실험 과정은 우선 반복하중의 크기를 결정하기 위해 정적 하중 실험을 수행하여 극한하중을 결정하였다. 이를 통해 도출된 극한 하중 값의 30%, 50%, 80%, 120%을 반복하중의 값으로 결정하였고, 반복횟수는 100회로 수행되었다. 이 결과를 통해 실험 반복하중 p-y 곡선을 산정하였고 도출된 하중 별 최대 지반반력점들을 이용하여 깊이 별 반복하중 p-y 중추곡선을 도출하였다. 이를 기존 p-y 곡선과 비교 결과, 동일 깊이에서 초기기울기가 API(1987) p-y 곡선보다 과소평가 되었으며, 극한지반반력은 과대평가되었다. 또한, 동적 p-y 곡선과 비교하였을 때, 동일 깊이에서의 반복하중 p-y 중추곡선의 초기기울기와 지반반력이 작게 평가되었다. 이는 말뚝이 받는 하중 조건에 따라 p-y 곡선을 다르게 적용해야 할 것으로 판단된다.