• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.973-988
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• 2012

Delay tolerant networks (DTNs) characterized by the lack of guaranteed end-to-end paths exploit opportunistic data forwarding mechanism, which depends on the hypothesis that nodes are willing to store, carry, and forward the in-transit messages in an opportunistic way. However, this hypothesis might easily be violated by the presence of selfish nodes constrained with energy, bandwidth, and processing power. To address this problem, we propose a practical reputation-based incentive scheme, named PRI, to stimulate honest forwarding and discipline selfish behavior. A novel concept of successful forwarding credential and an observation protocol are presented to cope with the detection of nodes' behavior, and a reputation model is proposed to determine egoistic individuals. The simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness and practicality of our proposal.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.109-122
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• 2000

The purpose of this study is to find a mother's influence on her children regarding environmental preservation. The questions of this study are how a mother's background variables influence on their own behaviors, how the children's background variables influences on their own behaviors, how a mother's background variables influence on their children behaviors. This is used self-writing questionaires the 538 subjects are 4th, 5th and 6th grade children and their mothers living in Kwangiu, in June, 1998. The data are analyzed by Frequency, Percentage, Mean, Pearson's correlation, Regression analysis, Path analysis, Coronbach'$\alpha$ coefficent, and Factor analysis. These are the major resets of this study. 1) In case of mothers, the background variables for them to be influenced the environmental presentation behaviors show the frequency of contact for environmental information, average income, family cohesions, the level of communication, egoistic orientation, and age. 2) In Children, the background variables which are influenced on their environmental presentation behaviors represent the frequency of contact for environmental information, family cohesion, biospheric orientation, and the grade level of children. This is, the children who have the more chance of environmental information contact, the higher family cohesion, the higher biospheric orientation, and the lower grade level show the more environmental preservation behaviors. 3) The children who grow seeing their mothers'environmental behaviors such as sorted disposal, recycle behavior, and purchasing behaviors also show the more same behaviors.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.1209-1219
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• 2016

In knowledge based society, lifelong learning is increasing in order to meet educational needs of adult learners. Credit Bank system which is credited by individual experience, learning and qualifications are also emphasized for continuing learning participation. However, in spite of the importance of concern in the Credit Bank System, adult learners expectation and value are not high. The purpose of this study is to analyze participation valence and learning flow of adult learner in the Credit Bank System. The result of this study is summarized as follows: first, adult learners participated in the Credit Bank System to get new knowledge and skill based on internal and external motivation and requirement not involved with individual degree. Second, adult learners participating in the Credit Bank System are experiencing learning flow realizing that behavior of participation is compensated, adult learners are concentrating and feeling with satisfaction and pleasure to study. Third, participation in the Credit Bank System based on adult learner's own right learning requirement have been analyzed as it has a positive effect to the learning flow and have indicated that adult learners having high level of valence experience, recognition immersion, behavioral devotion, and egoistic immersion. Based on the conclusion, further studies are suggested.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.93-101
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• 2003

From the perspectives of traditional Korean familism, the family was a life-giving and morality-building institution. The family was also a location where people of Chosun society developed an identity as humans. Due to these characteristics of the family in the traditional familism, that is, the family as the basis of life, morality, and identity, the family was a unit that transcends personal desires, thus the institution enjoyed a long-lasting stability. However, with industrialization, the transcendent values have been taken away from the family, and the modern Korean family has changed into a private unit of personal happiness and the interests of only the immediate members. Surely the traditional familism had values that are contradictory to the civil society, such as sexual discrimination and family egoism. In spite of the limits, the traditional familism contains some family values that can be utilized to improve today's family cultures in Korea. For example, the approach to the family as a unit for life, the emphasis on transcending personal interests for the sake of family stability and deep intimacy, and the importance of the family in human lifes could inspire today's Korean families.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.24
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• pp.19-31
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• 2011

This article examines the historical view of Benito $P{\acute{e}}rez$ $Gald{\acute{o}}s$ in his historical novel named "Zaragoza" and "$C{\acute{a}}novas$" by comparing with Numancia of Cervantes. In front of the national survival crisis, $Gald{\acute{o}}s$ recognizes that it is necessary that Spain should recover humanity and morality on basis of the krausist ideal. The krausists warned subjective idealism, stressing on free-will and moral conscience in a harmonious balance of rationality. Without refusing patriotism, they warned egoistic patriotism deformed by national selfishness or nationalism. Giner de los Ríos insisted on a necessity of harmonizing national inclination and universal one. $Gald{\acute{o}}s$ emphasizes that the identity of Spain is not possession of privileged class but sweat and tears of the mass of people in daily life. He represents Efemera as the ideal history on the basis of Unamuno's 'intrahistoria', by which, instead of $Luk{\acute{a}}cs^{\prime}$ progressive history, we can peep into a historical poetics of human free nature and vividness of discontinuous and endless shifting. According to the sub-history, we come to the conclusion that $Gald{\acute{o}}s$ and Cervantes would lay emphasis on sub-history, aiming to essence of Spanish soul originated from national landscape and people's daily life.

• Journal of Korean Philosophical Society
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• v.143
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• pp.165-188
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• 2017

According to Braybrooke(1976) and Sobel(1976), the traditional problem of the social contract is insoluble as long as it assume the 'agents with the rational egoistic motivations' in the 'circumstances such as the state of nature'. The problem of social contract is so called because it defies solution and it runs in the family of social contract theory. Then, do contemporary social contract theories have a solution? I argue that contemporary social contractarians fail to supply a solution due to a previous question or a circulation problem in their theories. And then, I show how conventionalism helps social contractarianism escape the problem.

• Journal of English Language & Literature
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• v.64 no.1
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• pp.95-116
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• 2018

Although acclaimed as George Eliot's masterpiece, Middlemarch: A Study of Provincial Life (1871-72) has been attacked by feminists since shortly after it was serialized. The main cause of feminist criticism is that she portrays her heroine, Dorothea Brooke, in an androcentric viewpoint and describes her lived experiences through male discourses. In order to identify what such feminist criticism originates in, this article places the novel in the sociopolitical contexts where Dorothea lived while authoring herself, and then analyzes it with M. M. Bakhtin's two important concepts, self-authoring and architectonics. As a result, Middlemarch has many shortcomings in the phases of the heroine's self-authoring and eventually the architectonics. In case of self-authoring, Eliot does not fully explain Dorothea's responses to her first husband and egoistic priest Edward Casaubon, and then her second husband and English-Polish dilettante Will Ladislaw until she reaches her ultimate marriage conclusions. Incessant authorial intervention obstructs the heroine's smooth interactions with her two husbands. In addition, the novel does not provide any sufficient comments about Dorothea's responses to Middlemarchers' opinions even if handling their opinions in the heroine's self-authoring influences the novel's persuasiveness. Dorothea's story has proved its own limitations by its frequent omissions and authorial intrusions. In Bakhtin's terminology, Middlemarch does not properly contain I-formyself, the-other-for-me, and I-for-the-other. It can be said that these shortcomings resulting from Eliot's cross-dressing narrative have caused attacks by feminists.

• Hwankyungkyoyuk
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.38-50
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• 2000

We are evidently Home Economicus, egoistic rational utility maximiger, and all the capitalism economic situation make us adapt to such life, and recognize that it is rational to act like that. This can be demonstrated in Prisoner′s Dilemma(PD) which always select the non-cooperative choice for free rider in rational selection process of public goods. This paper notice the "what is problem\ulcorner"The problem is not in free rider itself but in free rider egoism. The practical behavior of free rider egoism can be explained by way of Prisoner′s Dilemma. In PD situation, the prisoner makes a rational choice, non-cooperative alternative, but he doesn′arrive at preto-optimality. It is dilemma. Why can′t he arrive \ulcorner Because he is isolated from other prisoner. So we call it prisoner′s dilemma. The PD situation can be compared with our real economic life, which, we think, have kept by rational choice of the public goods. We actually have made our life as an individual one although we organized communities of capitalism. Of course, we know each others as members of same society, but each individual being can′t secure the belief, which has composed basis of community. So, it is very similar and common between PD situation and our real economic life in the production of public goods. We conclude that this non-cooperative process of PD situation can be utilized as instrument of EE. So this non-cooperative process can show us the effectiveness of EE as follows. \circled1 Game situation life PD can be used as good instrument for explaining the rational selection dilemma(error) to Homo-Economicus, the rational agent, with the optimal and rational language. \circled2 We can show that the selection result is dilemma, not arrive pareto - optimality. \circled3 The dilemma can be resolved with accomplishing the good communal life based on the belief, not on the isolation.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.675-683
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• 2020

This study has investigated how attachment anxiety boosts the attitude on charity appeals. Drawing on the attachment theory, we tested the hypothesis that increasing attachment anxiety (both dispositionally and temporarily primed) would have favorable attitudes towards charity appeals relates to social identification. Participants in high attachment anxiety showed more favorable attitudes towards charity appeals which can fulfill their social needs. Needs for belongness mediated the relationship between charity appeals and attachment anxiety. While past research has focused on the attachment security as motivation for helping, The current study has focused on egoistic motivation for helping and examined that attachment insecurities leads more favorable attitudes towards charity appeals that fulfill their social needs. The current study demonstrates that social needs can motivate consumers' prosocial behavior. Implications for the theory of non-profit marketing are discussed.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.155-162
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• 2019

The characters' voices in the movie, Rashomon mean the absence of memories created by self-consciousness in order to avoid the crisis. The varying statements of the characters and the three spaces: the space of Nakanimon (th e ruins), the representation space as polyphony (the forest), the egoistic space of truth (the guardian), show the social ills of doubtfulness and mistrust among the Japanese at that time due to the defeat from the war. This matches with the polyphony theory of Mr. Bakhtin, a Russian cultural critic. The key concept of polyphony theory is that the voices that do not accord each other are not harmonized but each voice builds their own world and participates in the novel without being influenced by the creator. This study's aim is to discuss two aspects; Bakhtin's polypony theory allows polyphony film s to function as cinematic composition and spatial characteristics of polyphony films in the movie, Rashomon.