• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.7-16
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• 1986

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of such erosion control measures as sowing, planting and small earth structures on the soil and vegetation. In order to study the changes in soil and vegetation, 36 plots were surveyed from 1981 to 1982 in the large erosion control area which is restored last 20 years. The factors which were measured included vegetation coverage, tree growth, number of species, soil depth, soil consistancy, and Chemical properties of soil. The results were as follows; 1) Maximum coverage of the overstory and understory was attained 7 years after the initiation of erosion control. So the overstory need to be tended and pruned. 2) Diversity of species increased until age 6 after which it began to decrease. 3) In order of tree growth, black locust was the fastest, followed by siberian alder and pitch pine. The initial growth of black locust, though the best among the 3 tree stop., decreased rapidly year by year. At the same time, siberian alder and pitch pine grew well until 12 and 6 years after the initiation of erosion control respectively. 4) Fifty percent of the initially planted trees died within 8 yeard. The mortality of siberian alder occurred until the 20th year while the mortality of pitch pine stopped after 10 years. Thereafter 500 trees per hectare were maintained. 5) The soil depth in A and B horision increased by 2cm annually during 20 years. The soil consistency also decreased rapidly until 7th year. The physical soil properties of the rehabilitated areas were improved after the 14th year. 6) The soil pH tend to decrease from 5.3 during the first year to 5.1 during the twentieth year. 7) The organic matter and nitrogen content in the soil were increased by fertilization but after 20 years these nutrients are still deficient for normal tree growth. 8) The phosphorous content in the soil was high in the first year but the longer the period after the initiation of erosion control the lese the content of phosphorous. 9) The biomass of black locust was the highest and increased continuously. The biomass of siberian alder on the contrary decreased from the 15th year because the number of trees in this place was very low. The total biomass in the twentieth year after erosion control initiation was 105.7 ton per hectare.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.72-77
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• 1989

A study was conducted to obtain acid tolerant and superior Rhizobium meliloti strain for alfalfa on hilly acid soils. With host plant, eight isolates of R, meliloti selected in the vicinity of Milyang were evaluated for their ability to establish symbiotic effectiveness in acidified tube culture medium and vermiculite pot with different urea levels. Among isolates "YA03" was characterized for the ability to manifest to acid tolerance in three different soils of which pH were 5.0, 6.0, and 7.5. The results obtained were summarized as follows: 1. Of eight isolates "YA03" and "YA09" performed nodule in the tube medium of pH5.0, and in the symbiotic effectiveness YA03 was superior to others. 2. Alfalfa growth and $N_2-fixing$ activity by the inoculation of "YA03" isolate were better than others at the level of urea 1.25mM as well as nonurea. 3. Application of urea with inoculation of "YA03" islate to alfalfa was one of the effective factors for symbiotic effectiveness. 4. In infertile soil of pH5.0 inoculation of R. meliloti "YA03" to alfalfa caused the increase of shoot dry matter of 320% as compared to the control, and the total amount of yield was 131% as much yield in moderate fertile soil of pH7.5. Finally R. meliloti "YA03" isolate was selected as an acid tolerant strain.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.20 no.12
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• pp.1772-1776
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• 2010

Transcription factors Nrf2 and NF-${\kappa}B$ are important regulators of the innate immune response, and their cross-talks in inflammation have been reported. Previously, we demonstrated that gold(I)-compound auranofin, an inhibitor of NF-${\kappa}B$ signal, induced Nrf2 activation in human synovial cells and monocytic cells. To investigate whether the Nrf2 activation is involved in the mechanism of the auranofin-attenuated NF-${\kappa}B$ signaling, we examined the effects of Nrf2 knockdown on NF-${\kappa}B$ activation using rheumatic synovial cells. When the cells were transfected with a specific siRNA for Nrf2, the gene expression was perfectly blocked. However, the Nrf2 knockdown did not cancel the suppressive effect of auranofin on TNF-$\alpha$-induced $I{\kappa}B-{\alpha}$ degradation. Treatment with a specific siRNA for HO-1, which is a target of Nrf2 and plays a role in anti-inflammation, also did not affect the blocking activity of auranofin on $I{\kappa}B-{\alpha}$ degradation. In addition, auranofin-inhibited ICAM-1 expression was not restored by Nrf2 knockdown. These findings indicate that the activated Nrf2 and HO-1 are not associated with the suppressive action of auranofin on the pro-inflammatory cytokines-stimulated NF-${\kappa}B$ activation. This suggests that Nrf2/HO-1 and NF-${\kappa}B$ signals, which are regulated by auranofin, participate in the anti-inflammatory action of auranofin via independent pathways in rheumatic synovial cells.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.301-309
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• 2009

The present study was conducted to determine the effect of energy restricted (ER) diet on the expressions of lipogenic genes in liver and myogenic genes in muscle tissue of broiler chickens. Energy restriction was accomplished by providing chicks with 70% (ER70) or 85% (ER85) energy level of control diet intake. Energy restricted groups of chickens were restricted for 7 days, starting at 8 days of age. Ad libitum feeding was resumed after the restriction period, and continued through the end of the experiment. The body weight of chickens in the restricted groups gained less during the energy restriction period (P<0.05). The body weight of the ER groups were similar to the control group during the re-alimentation period. However, the body weight of the ER70 group did not catch up with that of the control group by 35 days of age. The energy restrictions during early life of chicks decreased the contents of triglycerides and cholesterol in blood (P<0.05), but those were not different among treatments after re-alimentation. The genes of fatty acid synthase (FAS) and transcription factors including SREBP and PPARγ were down regulated by restriction regimen only in ER70 (P<0.05). However, those genes were not completely recovered after re-alimentation in ER70 group. The RNA expression levels of Myo-D, Myf-5 and myogenin in all treatment groups were decreased by restriction regimen when compared with control group (P<0.05). Myogenin was highly expressed after re-alimentation, but the other genes were not different among groups. These results suggest that ER85 group shows the best growth performance by re-alimentation and the higher muscle differentiation by expressing myogenin.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.115-128
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• 2008

Various human activities such as the Urbanization and Industrialization are estimated the main factors to pollute the stream. Now days, numerous studies are carried out for managing non-point sources which have un-effect on water quality of streams by land-use and livestock. In case of Korea, a matter of concern that the management of Pal dang reservoir - the main water resources of the national capital region - has been occurring. Especially, large-scale constructed-wetlands are planned and constructed at the end of Kyoung-an stream. Additionally a lot of sewage treatment plants are newly installed and extended in this watershed. According to these efforts, water quality of Kyoung-an stream is predicted that would be improved. But the more detail and scientific analysis should be carried out for the water quality improvement, because, existing water quality improvement projects are not involved to analyze root of water quality deterioration and improvement plans. Therefore, this study aims to select suitable areas for constructed-wetlands and to calculate size of the constructed-wetlands for water quality improvement in Kyoung-an stream through the geographical pollutant distribution analysis and land-use pattern analysis by high resolution satellite image and suitable area analysis of constructed-wetlands by GIS(Geographic information system). The progress of this study is (1) to select maximum pollutant loaded area by geographical analysis based on water quality data, (2) to analyze land-use patterns using high resolution satellite image, (3) to select suitable areas of constructed-wetlands, (4) to calculate area and volume of chosen constructed-wetlands using GIS. Basically, sizes of constructed-wetlands are induced through the constructed-wetlands design index based on treatment ratio(provided by Korea Water Resources Corporation). As a result of this study, two areas are selected to construct constructed-wetlands. One of the area was $127,586m^2$ near by Yong-in sewage treatment plant, and the other area was $1,647m^2$ near by Ju-buk stream and Dae-dae stream.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.527-539
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• 2009

The Kumho River flows through volcanic and sedimentary rocks at upstream and downstream regions and also through industrial district including dyeing complex before it meets the Nakdong River, and as a result, many factors can influence the geochemistry of river water. The concentrations of dissolved ions generally increased as it flows downstream. The concentrations of cations are in the order of Ca>Na>Mg>K, and those of anions are $HCO_3$>$SO_4$>Cl>$NO_3$. These results show that the weathering of sandstone and shale containing carbonate including calcite caused the enrichment of Ca and $HCO_3$. At first 4 sampling sites, Si contents are relatively high mainly due to the weathering of silicate minerals of volcanic rocks. However, Na and $SO_4$ contents are higher at downstream sites due to the industrial and municipal sewage. Piper diagram also shows that the geochemical patterns changed from Ca-$HCO_3$ to Ca-Cl/Ca-$SO_4$ and Na-Cl/Na-$SO_4$ type. When comparing the samples collected in May and July, the concentrations of dissolved ions in July are generally lower than those in May, which indicates that dilution by precipitation played an important role. In July the relative concentration of Ca increased, indicating that Ca in soils probably from fertilizer were mixed into the river water by precipitation. The river waters are mainly from precipitation. The dissolved ions are mainly from weathering of carbonate minerals and pollutants from municipal sewage and discharged water from industrial complex. The composition of oxygen and deutrium isotope in July showed higher values, which is contrary to the amount effect, maybe due to Youngchon Dam. The nitrogen isotope showed lower values in July than those in May, which can be interpreted to indicate mixing of nitrate from soils and fertilizer in the cultivated land by the heavy rain. The isotope composition of nitrate increased downstream, indicating that the influence of sewage and animal manure also increased downstream.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.249-259
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• 2018

This research had intended to find out regarding the present influences of the Smart Work on the intention to use continuously with the staff members working in the small- and medium-sized enterprises as the subject. And, finally, it had intended to find out about the Smart Work environments of the IT corporations and the non-IT corporations. For this research, the questionnaire survey data were collected from the staff members working at the small- and medium-sized enterprises. Through the questionnaire survey data that were collected, an empirical analysis was carried out. And, through the reliability analysis, the feasibility analysis, the discriminatory feasibility analysis, and the inspection of the degree of suitableness of the structural equation model, finally, the research model was verified and, finally, a difference analysis of the IT corporations and the non-IT corporations was carried out. Regarding the results of the analysis of the research, it appeared that the factors of the job efficiency and the job autonomy of the special characteristics of the job had the positive influences on the usefulness and the job satisfaction, which were the parameters and which were perceived. And it appeared that the time flexibility of the job form could not have any influences on the usefulness and the job satisfaction, which were the parameters and which were perceived. And it appeared that the spatial flexibility had the influences on the job satisfaction only. The perceived usefulness, which was a parameter, had the positive influences on the job satisfaction and the intention to use continuously. And, finally, the job satisfaction had the positive influences on the intention to use continuously. And it appeared that there were the differences, too, between the IT corporations and the non-IT corporations. It is thought that, through the results of this research and through the Smart Work environment, the positive influences on the workers and the organizations could be induced and that a better working environment than previously can be provided to the workers to fit the special characteristics of the corporations.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.347-365
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• 2020

In order to resolve traffic problems in urban areas and to increase the area of green spaces, tunnels in downtown areas are being increased. Additionally, the application of large port smoke extraction ventilation systems is increasing as a countermeasure to smoke extraction ventilation for tunnels with high potential for traffic congestion. It is known that the smoke extraction performance of the large port smoke extraction system is influenced not only by the amount of the extraction flow rate, but also by various factors such as the shape of the extraction port (damper) and the extraction air velocity through a damper. Therefore, in this study, the design standards and installation status of each country were investigated. When the extraction air flow rate was the same, the smoke extraction performance according to the size of the damper was numerically simulated in terms of smoke propagation distance, compared and evaluated, and the following results were obtained. As the cross-sectional area of the smoke damper increases, the extraction flow rate is concentrated in the damper close to the extraction fan, and the smoke extraction rate of the damper in downstream decreases, thereby increasing the smoke propagation distance on the downstream side. In order to prevent such a phenomenon, it is necessary to reduce the cross-sectional area of the smoke damper and increase the velocity of passing air through the damper so that the pressure loss passing through the damper increases, thereby reducing the non-uniformity of smoke extraction flow rate in the extraction section. In this analysis, it was found that when the interval distance of the extraction damper was 50 m, the air velocity passing through damper was 4.4 m/s or more, and when the interval distance of the extraction dampers was 100 m, the air velocity passing through damper was greater than 4.84 m/s, it was found to be advantageous to ensure smoke extraction performance.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.85-96
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• 2015

In Korea, modern art therapy was developed in the 1960s and 1970s in the form of supplementary activities for patients in psychiatry. Along with the foundation of the Korean Association for Clinical Art in 1982 by psychiatric doctors, the therapy involved more various arts forms such as music, art, dance, poetry therapy, and psychodrama. More organizations with specific expertise opened such as the Korean Art Therapy Association, Korean Art Therapy Association, etc. in the 1990s and the Korea Arts Therapy Institute in 2001. As of April 2015, the members of the Korean Art Therapy Association total 15,000, including 6,200 regular members. The arts in integrative arts therapy (IAT) is an individual's creative activity which is related to his inner world, and the forms of IAT include music, drawing, dance and poetry therapy. From the aspect of phenomenology, IAT is psychophysical therapy involving the arts that helps patients recognize and perceive their experiences with an aim of at a recovery of the body and creativity from the phenomenological aspect. It is also a therapeutic activity that targets growth and development of the body and mind. Meta-analysis of the effects of art therapy with a focus on that involving music, drawing, dance movement and IAT in recent years in Korea, significant effects were observed in all factors but physical function. The biggest effect was mentality adaptation followed by activity adaptation and physiology. In the run up to the implementation of the daily flat-rate system for the health insurance reimbursement for palliative care in July 2015, the Ministry of Health and Welfare is reviewing the coverage of music therapy, drawing therapy and flower therapy, which are currently practiced by 56 hospice institutes in Korea. This is a meaningful step because the coverage of hospice and palliative care came after that of art therapy for psychiatric patients was approved in 1977. Still, there is a need clarify the therapeutic mechanism by exploring causality among the treatment media, mediation type and treatment effects. To address the issue of indiscriminately issued licenses, more efforts are needed to ensure expertise and identity of the licensed therapists through education, training and supervision.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.225-231
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• 1997

Purpose : Radiation therapy in combination with surgery has an important role in the therapy of the head and neck cancer We conducted a prospective study for patients with head and neck cancer treated with surgery and radiation to evaluate the effect of therapies on the thyroid gland, and to identify the factors that might influence the development of hypothyroidism. Materials and Methods : From September 1986 through December 1994, 71 patients with head and cancer treated with surgery and radiation were included in this prospective study. Patients' age ranged from 32 to 73 years with a median age of 58 years. There were 12 women and 59 men. The primary tumor sites were larynx in 34 patients, hypopharynx in 13 patients, oral cavity in 12 patients, unknown primary of the neck in 6 patients, salivary gland in 3 patients, maxillary sinus in 2 patients, and oropharynx in 1 patient. Total laryngectomy with neck dissection was carried out in 45 patients and neck dissection alone in 26 patients. All patients were serially monitored for thyroid function (T3, T4, free T4, TSH, antithyroglobulin antibody and antimicrosomal antibody) before and after radiation therapy. Radiation dose to the thyroid gland ranged from 40.6Gy to 60Gy with a median dose of 50Gy The follow-up duration was 3 to 80 months. Results :The overall incidence of hypothyroidism was 56.3\%$);7 out of 71 patients $(9.9\%)$ developed clinical hypothyroidism and 33 patients $(46.4\%)$ developed subclinical hypothyroidism. No thyroid nodules, thyroid cancers, or hyperthyroidism was detected. Hypothyroidism developed earlier in patients who underwent total laryngectomy with neck dissection than in patients with neck dissection alone (P<0.05). The risk factor that significantly influenced the incidence of hypothyroidism was a combination of surgery (total laryngectomy with neck dissection) and radiation therapy (P=0.0000), Four of 26 patients $(15.4\%)$ with neck dissection alone developed hypothyroidism while 36 of 45 patients $(80\%)$ with laryngectomy and neck dissection developed hypothyroidism. Conclusion : The hypothyroidism following surgery and radiation therapy was a relatively common complication. The factor that significantly influenced theincidence of hypothyroidism was combination of surgery and radiation therapy. Evaluation of thyroid function before and after radiation therapy with periodic thyroid function tests is recommended for an early detection of hypothyroidism and thyroid hormone replacement therapy is recommended whenever hypothyroidism develops.