• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.8-14
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• 2008

The effects of surfactant types and the ratio of nonionic and anionic surfactants on the washing of diesel contaminated soil were investigated. In batch tests, the nonionic surfactant, which has HLB within 12-13, showed a high diesel removal efficiency and Tergitol 15-S-7 (T15S7) with 20 g/L concentration exhibited the highest removal efficiency of 79-88% among the tested nonionic surfactants. Anionic surfactants, in general, showed lower removal efficiency than nonionic surfactants. In case of mixed surfactant system, the removal efficiency increased with nonionic surfactant concentration. With mixed surfactants of T15S7 and SDS as 3 : 1 ratio, diesel removal was enhanced to 76% with 10 g/L of the mixed surfactants. These results could be used in the selection of proper surfactants for remediation of diesel contaminated soils.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.394-399
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• 2008

In this study, peptides were isolated from Crassostrea gigas using an ultrasonification process at $40^{\circ}C$. The yield of the peptides was greater than 34%, and their cytotoxicity was found to be less than 22.8% against several cell lines that were treated with the extracts at a dose of 1.0 mg/mL. In addition, the tyrosinase inhibitory and melanin synthesis of the peptides isolated from Crassostrea gigas were also evaluated to determine if they could be used as a potential cosmetic agent. The peptides were found to significantly inhibit the melanin synthesis of the clone M-3 cell line by up to 62.7%. The inhibitory activities of the tyrosinase were observed 34.51% in ascorbic acid, 42.49% in extract with the ultrasonification at $40^{\circ}C$ and 35.37% in $40^{\circ}C$ extract at 1.0 mg/mL concentration, respectively. Finally, when samples were treated with the peptide extracts at a concentration of 0.6 mg/mL, PGE2 expression was significantly decreased. Taken together, these results indicate that Crassostrea gigas may be a source of cosmetic agents capable of improving physiological hyperpigmenting and immuno-modulating skin disorders.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.628-636
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• 1999

There is a marked increase in geriatric disease, especially liver disease, due to the continuous increase in alcohol and fat consumption. Since the fatty liver, induced by alcohol or fat, is basically from abnormalities in the lipid metabolism, it is possible that fatty acid binding protein(FABP) which is related to the fatty acid metabolism may also be abnormal in these livers. FABP is a small molecular weight protein family present in cytosol in high concentration. It has been proposed as a fatty acid transfer protein and as a binding protein responsible for controlling intracellular free fatty acid concentration. In this research, we have examined the relationship between liver FABP and fatty liver induced by alcohol or high cholesterol diet. Rats were fed one of either semipurified liquid diets; control diet containing 65% carbohydrate, 20% protein, and 15% fat or high cholesterol diet containing 1%(w/w) cholesterol or alcohol diet containing 37% of alcohol instead of carbohydrate. After 5 weeks of feeding period, all rats received commercial chow diet for 5 weeks to examine recovery effect. Liver and blood samples were collected at 0, 1, 3, 5 and 10 weeks to analyze lipid compositions. FABP was purified from liver cytosol and injected to rabbit to obtain antiserum. Liver FABP amount was determined by SDS-PAGE and western blotting methods. Fatty acid binding capacity was determined by binding of 14Cpalmitate with the delipidated liver cytosol. Consumption of alcohol increased serum cholesterol, triglyceride concentration and decreased HDL-cholesterol concentration after 5 weeks. Serum apolipoprotein B concentration increased after 3 weeks and LDL-cholesterol and apolipoprotein A concentration changed after 1 week. Liver cholesterol and triglyceride concentration increased after 3 weeks. Consumption of high cholesterol diet changed liver and serum lipid composition after 3 weeks. Swiching to normal diet for 5 weeks did not normalize most of lipid composition in serum and liver except serum and liver except serum cholesterol, triglyceride and liver cholesterol. Liver cytosol FABP content and the fatty acid binding capacity decreased dramatically after 1 week with alcohol consumption. This results indicate that FABP content changes before the changes before the changes of blood or liver lipid composition, suggesting changes of FABP may cause development of the fatty liver induced by alcohol and can be used as an index of detecting a early development of fatty liver.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.740-747
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• 2015

This research was performed to evaluate the feasibility of in situ soil flushing for TPH-contaminated soil remediation. It was conducted in batch test as fundamental research for in situ soil flushing. The 30% of initial TPH concentration was removed by shaking only in batch test. The removal efficiency of TPH in case of groundwater as surfactant dilution solution was approximate 2~6% lower than that of distilled water. Mixing ratio of soil to surfactant solution did not practically effect on the TPH removal efficiency. In the experiment of using single or mixed surfactant solution with 0.1~4.0 wt%, Tween-80, SWA-1503, SWA-1503+SDS showed averagely over 80%. It was determined that the optimum surfactant concentration was 0.1 wt% because there was no significant difference between concentrations of 0.1~4.0 wt%.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.31-41
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• 1998

A carotenoprotein from the muscle of Ascidian (Halocynthia roretzi) was purified by ion exchange chromatography and gel filtration chromatography, and analyzed molecular weight, stability of pH and heat, effect of denaturing agents, amino acids and fatty acids composition. The purified carotenoprotein had absorption maxima of 463 nm and 439 nm. The carotenoprotein had an approxmimate molecular weight of 64.4 kDa in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The amino acid compositions of carotenoprotein were mainly Gly (15.39%), Asn (11.31%), Gln (10.62%) and Ser (13.35%). The major fatty acids composition of carotenoprotein were $C_{16:1(n-7)}\;(15.4%)$, $C_{22:1(n-9)}\;(14.5%)$ and $C_{20:1(n-11)}\;(11.4%)$. The monounsaturated fatty acids (45.2%) contained abundant content compared to other saturated (38.1%) and polyunsaturated (11.7%) fatty acids.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.15 no.3 s.70
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• pp.434-438
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• 2005

In the previous study, we isolated a myulchikinase (MK), which has fibrinolytic activity and cytotoxicity to the tumor cell line, from myl- chi-jeot-gal. In this study, the effect of NaCl concentration, metallic ions, pH, temperature, and plasminogen on the activity of MK was analysed. The MK activity was maintained at least $80\%$ activity up to $30\%$ NaCl, which indicates that the enzyme may be halotolerant. The optimal pH and temperature were 8 and $40^{\circ}C$, respectively. The fibrinolytic activity of MK was completely inhibited with 0.5 mM $Hg^{2+}$ and inhibited to $50^{\circ}C$ with 1 mM $Cu^{2+}\;and\;Zn^{2+}$. The MK showed strong activity in plasminogen- rich fibrin plate but not in plasminogen-free fibrin plate. The result indicates that the MK may be a plasminogen activator type fibrinolytic enzyme.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.69-76
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• 1998

This study was investigated to determine the effect of additives and ionic strength on the functionality of extracted proteins in preblends in order to use less additive in restructured meat products. Preblends contained the combinations of sodium chloride (NaCl; 0, 4.5, 9.0%), sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP; 0, 2.5, 5.0%), and tetrasodium pyrophosphate (PP; 0, 2.44, 4.88%). The pH values increased linearly with increasing STPP and PP concentrations (p<0.01). In the equivalent ionic strengths, PP was more effective than STPP in increasing pH. Phosphate ions were more effective on total extractable protein (used 1 M NaCl buffer) than chloride ion at equivalent ionic strengths. Solubility was decreased by adding NaCl and increasing total extractable proteins. Meat sulfhydryl contents were high with increasing total extractable proteins. When protein extracts were heated at $65^{\circ}C$, 7 min, meat sulfhydryl contents decreased and surface hydrophobicity increased (p<0.01). However, all protein extracts showed no differences in SDS-PAGE pattern. In conclusion, PP is more effective than STPP in order to use less additive but there was no linear relationship between functionnal improvement and ionic strength.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.230-237
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• 2004

In this study nitroreductase from Pseudomonas sp. HK-6 capable of degrading 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) was characterized. Through a series of purification process including ammonium sulfate precipitation, DEAE-sepharose, and Q-sepharose, three different fractions I, II, and III having the enzyme activity of NTRs whose molecular weights were approximately 27 kDa were detected in fractions from HK-6 cells. Specific activity of the three fractions were approximately 4.85 unit/mg, 5.47 unit/mg, and 5.01 unit/mg, and concentrated to 9.0-, 10.1-, and 9.3-fold compared to crude extract, respectively. The optimal pH and temperature for the three NTR fractions were approximately 7.5 and $30^{\circ}C$, respectively. Metal ions, $Ag^{＋}$ , $Cu^{ 2+}$, $Hg^{2＋}$ inhibited approximately 70% of enzymes activities of all NTR, while $Fe^{2＋}$ did not stimulate or inhibit the activities. Monitoring the effect of chemicals on the enzyme activity revealed that those NTR fractions lost enzyme activity in presence of $\beta$-mercaptoethanol, but were a little influenced by dithiothreitol, EDTA and NaCl. The three NTR fractions demonstrated enzyme activities for nitrobenzene and RDX as well as TNT.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.303-310
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• 2000

In vitro 소화시 계란 성분이 anti-Y ruckeri IgY 항세 활성을 안정화시키는데 어떡해 관여하는지를 SDS-PAGE와 ELISA로 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. Anti-Y ruckeris IgY 항체와 난황 및 난백으로 혼합 후 펩신으로소화시킨 후 경우 1시간 후 난황 및 난백이 혼합된 시료에서 모두 anti-Y ruckeri IgY 항체의 heavy chain과 light chain이 분해는 되었지만 어느 정도 밴드를 관찰할 수있었으며, anti-Y, ruckeri IgY 항체 활성 측정한 결과 난황시료는 35%, 난백시료는 61%의 항체 활성을 유지시켰다. Anti-Y ruckeri IgY 항체와 오보알부민, 오보뮤우신, 라이소자임 및 오보뮤코이드를 혼합 한 후 펩신으로 소화시킨 경우 1시간 우에는 anti-Y, ruckeri IgY항체의 heavy chain의 밴드르 fdjsm 정도 볼 수 있는 형태로 나타났으며, anti-Y, ruckeri IgY 항체의 light chain는 오보뮤우신 및 오보뮤코이드가 홉합되어 펩신으로 소화시킨 경우 1시간 후에는 밴드를 거의 볼수 없었으나 오보알부민 오보트란스훼린 및 라이소자임에 혼합된 시료에서 밴드를 관찰할수 있었다. 특히 라이소자임과 오보트란스훼린의 경우 펩신 호화 2시간 우에도 anti-Y, ruckeri IgY 항체의 light 밴드가 관찰되었다. 펩신소화 1시간 후에 난백성분이오보알부민, 오보뮤우신, 라이소자임, 오보트란스웨린 및 오부뮤코이드 중에서 단지 오보트란스훼린만이 38%의 anti-Y, ruckeri IgY 항체 활서을 보인후 2시간 후에도 15% 정동의 활성을 나타내었다. anti-Y, ruckeri IgY항체와 난백 및 전란을 혼합한 다음 무지개송어 위 추출액으로 소화시 2시간 후에 난백은 14%, 전란은 69%로 anti-Y, ruckeri IgY 항체 활성을 유지시킨 것으로 나타났다.X> $e_{I}$ WPi_BE_QE]]]]]로 상징하며 WLWQ에 적용되는 몇 가지 제약을 관찰하고 이를 일반적인 언어원리로 설명한다. 첫째, XP는 주어로만 해석되는데 그 이유는 XP가 목적어 혹은 부가어 등 다른 기능을 할 경우 생략 부위가 생략의 복원 가능선 원리 (the deletion-up-to recoverability principle)를 위배하기 때문이다. 둘째, WLWQ가 내용 의문문으로만 해석되는데 그 이유는 양의 공리(the maxim of quantity: Grice 1975) 때문이다. 평서문으로 해석될 경우 WP에 들어갈 부분이 XP의 자질의 부분집합에 불과하므로 명제가 아무런 정보제공을 하지 못한다. 반면 의문문 자체는 정보제공을 추구하지 않으므로 앞에서 언급한 양의 공리로부터 자유롭다. 셋째, WLWQ의 XP는 주제어 표지 ‘는/-은’을 취하나 주어표지 ‘가/-이’는 취하지 못한다(XP-는/-은 vs. XP-가/-이). 이는 IP내부 에 비공범주의 존재 여부에 따라 C의 음운형태(PF)가 시성이 정해진다는 가설로 설명하고자 했다. WLWQ에 대한 우리의 논의가 옳다면, 본 논문은 다음과 같은 이론적 함의를 기닌다. 첫째, WLWQ의 존재는 생략에 대한 두 이론 즉 LF 복사 이론과 PF 삭제 이론 중 전자의 입장을 지지한다. 둘째, WP를 XP로부터 복원할 때 부분 자질만 복사된다. 이는 어휘가 통사층위로 들어온 이후에도 어휘 자질들이 완전히 동결되는 것이 아니라 계속 지시될 수 있다는 가설을 지지한다.

• Knowledge Management Research
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.65-88
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• 2022

Companies actively engage with the public through social media to enhance sales and promote brand awareness, which was further encouraged by the pandemic. However, previous studies tend to consider companies as a group of identical features. This study focuses on the differences between B2B and B2C companies' social media content strategy in relation to user engagement. This study categorized KOSPI 100 companies that manage Facebook corporate fan pages into B2B and B2C, and then analyzed the contents they posted from January 1 to December 31, 2020. The result showed that B2C companies tended to use videos over images, prefer hashtags, and comment its product name more often compared to B2B companies. B2B companies preferred images, used more hyperlinks, and mentioned its company name more often. In B2B companies, images and length of text had positive effects on user engagement, while hyperlink and URL had negative effects. B2C companies' text length had positive effect on user engagement. This study provides practical implications to PR practitioners for establishing a social media strategy which enhances user engagement.