• Speech Sciences
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.141-152
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• 2005

This paper shows the tonal patterns of English conjunctive utterances produced by Korean speakers of English, presenting that Korean speakers realize either the H - phrase tone or the H% boundary tone at the phrase-final part of the conjunctive utterances. Based on Pierrehumbert & Hirschberg's (1990) claim that either H- or H% tone indicates that a phrase is related to the following one, Korean speakers seem to produce the satisfactory patterns of edge tones in conjunctive sentences. In the experiment, we made up conjunctive sentences including both coordinate conjunctions such as and, but, or, and so and subordinate conjunctions like if, when and though. We varied the stimuli according to the existence of a comma and the lengths of connecting words and phrases. We also divided the subjects into two levels of English proficiency based on their English written test scores to see if Korean speakers' performance ability of edge tones is related with their general competence of English. Results show that Korean speakers produced 84% of the H- phrase tone in intermediate phrases and H-L% and L-H% boundary tones in intonational phrases. Also, coordinate and subordinate conjunctions show little difference in their tonal contours, and the existence of a comma or the lengths of connecting words and phrases do not affect Korean speakers' production of the H- phrasal tone and the H% boundary tone. This may suggest that pitch accents, rather than edge tones, should be put more focus on in teaching English intonation in Korea as much work has already shown that Korean speakers have serious problem with producing pitch accents in speaking English.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.31-38
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• 2016

The purpose of the current study was to examine the acquisition of the second language prosody by Korean learners of English. Specifically, this study investigated Korean learners' patterns of prosodic phrasing and their use of edge tones (i.e., phrase accents and boundary tones) in English, and then compared the patterns with those of native English speakers. Eight Korean learners and 8 native speakers of English read 5 different English passages. Both groups' patterns of tones and prosodic phrasing were analyzed using the Mainstream American English Tones and Break Indices (MAE_ToBI) transcription conventions. The results indicated that the Korean learners chunked their speech into prosodic phrases more frequently than the native speakers did. This frequent prosodic phrasing pattern was especially noticeable in sentence-internal prosodic phrases, often where there was no punctuation mark. Tonal analyses revealed that the Korean learners put significantly more High phrase accents (H-) on their sentence-internal intermediate phrase boundaries than the native speakers of English. In addition, compared with the native speakers, the Korean learners used significantly more High boundary tones (both H-H% and L-H%) for the sentence-internal intonational phrases, while they used similar proportion of High boundary tones for the sentence-final intonational phrases. Overall, the results suggested that Korean learners of English successfully acquired the meanings and functions of prosodic phrasing and edge tones in English as well as that they are able to efficiently use these prosodic features to convey their own discourse intention.

• 유체기계공업학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2003.12a
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• pp.671-677
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• 2003

Two-dimensional direct numerical simulation of the edge-tones by the finite difference lattice Boltzmann method (FDLBM) is presented. We use a new lattice BGK compressible fluid model that has an additional term and allow larger time increment comparing the conventional FDLBM, and also use a boundary fitted coordinates. We have succeeded in capturing very small pressure fluctuations result from periodically oscillation of jet around the edge. That pressure fluctuations propagate with the sound speed. It is clarified that the sound wave generated in rather wide region and individual vortices do not affect the sound wave propagation.

• Speech Sciences
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.53-64
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• 2007

This paper attempts to verify the theoretical claims in Syntax ($Bo{\check{s}}kovi{\acute{c}}$ & Lasnik, 2003; Kim, 1999, 2004) about the phrasing in English that-clauses, presenting an acoustic experiment conducted to observe the patterns of edge tones at the boundaries of that. In the experiment, two different that clauses, complement and relative clauses, were varied in forms (that-retention, that-deletion, adverb insertion before that) and length. Results showed that edge tones, if occurred, mostly showed up before the complement clauses in that-deletion sentences (67%), and that their positions polarized in adverb insertion sentences (56% before toot and 44% after toot). In the relative clauses, phrasing mostly occurred before toot as opposed to after toot in that-retention (73%) and adverb insertion sentences (87%). Additionally, phrasing tends to occur more frequently as the sentences get longer. The results suggest that the previous claims based on syntax are not consistent with the results of the current phonetic experiment. This may be interpreted as stating that syntactic boundaries do not always indicate phonetic phrasing, and that there may be some other factors to determine phrasing patterns, for example, rhythmic phrasing operating at the surface level of speech.

• Transactions of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.50-55
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• 2004

In this study, slit-tones by plane impinging jet are investigated experimentally over the whole subsonic flow range, especially at low speeds, in order to obtain the instability behaviour of impinging plane jet. Slit-tones are generated at low speeds associated with laminar shear layer instability as well as at high speeds associated with turbulent instability. Most of low-speed slit-tones are induced by symmetric mode instability unless the slit is not so wide, in which case antisymmetric modes are induced like edge-tones. It is found that the frequencies at low speeds ate controled by the unstable condition of the vortex at the nozzle exit and its pairings by which the frequencies are decreased by half. In the case of symmetric modes related with low-speed slit-tones, frequencies lower than those associated with one-step pairings are not found.

• Speech Sciences
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.149-163
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• 2001

This paper investigates the manner in which various. syntactic structures with a single meaning implement a consistent intonational pattern by examining English conditional clauses. In the phonetic experiment, we explore the edge tones in three different syntactic clauses which are semantically interpreted as a single conditional meaning (an if-clause, a clause with no if. and a clause with no if but followed by and) and compare them with the edge tone realized in a clause which is not interpreted as a conditional meaning. We also investigate the tonal differences resulting from the semantic difference between conditional and non-conditional meanings. That is, the conditional clauses expressed in three different syntactic structures show a consistent intonational pattern in their clausefinal boundaries; a rising contour (H- or H%) is realized at the edge of the intermediate phrases (ip) or intonational phrases (IP) in 89% of the if-clauses, 72% of the clauses with no if, and 79% of the clauses with no if but followed by and. On the other hand, 82% of the non-conditional clauses have a falling contour (L- or L-L%) in their final edge. Statistically, Chi-Square tests show that these percentages are all significantly higher, which suggests that a conditional meaning implements a consistent intonational pattern though it is expressed through different syntactic structures. Therefore, the result supports Bolinger's (1989) claim that intonation makes an important contribution to discourse interpretation.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• v.15 no.8
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• pp.1174-1180
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• 2001

Various experimental data, including mixing areas, cross correlation factors, surface flow patterns on nozzle walls, and far field noise spectra, was used to draw a noise control mechanism in a supersonic jet. In the underexpanded case, mixing of the jet air with ambient air was significantly enhanced as presented before, and mixing noise was also dramatically reduced. Screech tones, in the overexpanded case, were effectively suppressed by trailing edge modifications, although mixing enhancement was not noticeable. From mixing and noise performance of nozzles with modified trailing edges, enhancing mixing through streamwise vortices seems an effective way to reduce mixing noise in the underexpanded flow regime. However, screech tones in the overespanded flow regime is well controlled or suppressed by making shock cells and/or spanwise large scale structures irregular and/or less organized by a proper selection of trailing edges. The noise field in the overexpanded flow regime was greatly affected by the symmetricity of the nozzle exit geometry. In the underexpanded flow regime, the effects of the symmetricity of the nozzle exit on mixing were negligible.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems Conference
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• 2003.09a
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• pp.612-615
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• 2003

The error diffusion is a good method to reconstruct the continuous tones of an image to the bilevel tones However the reconstruction of edge characteristic by the nor diffusion is represented work when power spectrum is analyzed fer display error. In this paper, we present an edge enhanced error diffusion method to preprocess original image to achieve the enhancement for the edge characteristic. The preprocessing algorithm consist of two processes. First the difference value between the current pixel and the local average of the surrounding pixel in original image is obtained. Second, the weighting function is composed by the magnitude and the sign of the local average. To confirm the effect of the proposed method, it is compared with the conventional edge enhanced error diffusion methods by measuring the radially averaged power spectrum densities (RAPSDs) for their display errors. The comparison result demonstrate the superiority of the proposed method over the conventional ones.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Manufacturing Technology Engineers
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.34-41
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• 1997

The objective of this study is to investigate experimentally the frequency characteristics of the hole tones generated by a circular jet of low speed impinging on a plate with a round hole. The experimental results about the sound spectrum and the time wave of the hole tone are presented and discussed in relation with the hole type, the jet velocity and the distance of the nozzle-to-plate with a round hole. From the sound spectrum and time wave measurements, it is found that the hole tone is generated not only by an interaction of convected vortices with a round hole but also by a series of vortex shedding from jets passing through a hole. The hole tones generated by a feedback mechanism consist of many frequency stages and also have a hysteresis phenomenon like an edge tone. But the hole tones generated by a series of vortex shedding have nothing with the stage characteristics. The frequencies of hole tones are influenced by the jet velocity, the distance of the nozzle-to-plate with a round hole and the hole type.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering Conference
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• 2001.05a
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• pp.1210-1216
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• 2001

The impinging tones by high-speed plane jets are investigated for the characteristics of edgetone generation based on experimental observations. Experiment has been performed for edgetones with a slit nozzle and a wedge system. The jet in the experiment is varied from low to high subsonic speed to obtain the effect of the speed on the frequency characteristics of impinging tones. The experimental data obtained previously for edgetones and platetones by various nozzles are compared with the present edgetone data for the condition of tone generation, the frequency ranges and the effective source point. It is found that the jet speed has no fundamental influence on the impinging tone characteristics. Regardless of the jet speed, the effective source point is about a quarter wavelength downstream from the edge tip. With increase in jet speed, the influence of the nozzle configuration is decreased and the operating frequencies show good coincidencies by normalized parameters based on the slit thickness.