• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.100 no.2
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• pp.256-265
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• 2011

This study was aiming at assessing the vulnerability of forest distribution by the A2 and B1 climate change scenarios of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). The vulnerability of forest distribution was assessed using its sensitivity and adaptation to climate change with the help of the simulations of Korean-specific forest distribution model, so-called the Thermal Analogy Group (TAG), and the Plant Functional Type (PFT) defined in the HyTAG (Hydrological and Thermal Analogy Groups) model. As a result, the vulnerable area occupied 30.78% and 2.81% of Korea in A2 and B1 scenario, respectively. When it comes to the administrative districts, Pusan in A2 and Daegu in B1 appeared the most vulnerable area. This study would be employed into preparation of adaptative measures for forest in future in terms of using climate change scenarios reflecting different future development conditions.

• Journal of Climate Change Research
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.245-257
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• 2012

Vulnerability assessment has been required for establish climate adaptation plan to prevent damage from climate change. In this study we assessed vulnerability with 1 km resolution and determined which sectors have the highest priority in each municipality of Gangwon province based on the result of vulnerability assessment. All sectors of vulnerability assessment are composed of three criteria; sensitivity, exposure and adaptation capacity. And suitable indicators of each sector were selected and spatial data set was prepared using GIS. Priority of vulnerability was classified with the degree of vulnerability in present and variation in vulnerability between present and future. The results of vulnerability assessment were different among municipalities due to the contribution of indicators. Present and future trends in vulnerability showed similar results but high vulnerable area was predicted to expand in the future. In addition increase in temperature led whole area to be more vulnerable generally. The result of prioritizing sectors of vulnerability indicated the most considerable sectors within a municipality. Also, the municipalities which have similar geographic, climatic and social conditions tended to be classified as the same priority class. The method of vulnerability assessment and determining priorities suggested in this study could be used to support decision makers to establish adaptation plan of local area.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.43-58
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• 2015

The greenhouse gas emission caused by rapid economic growth and population is increasing in Korea. Also, climate change from greenhouse gases emission is accelerated. IPCC(Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) report projects an increase of greenhouse gas emissions by 90% from the year 2000 to 2030(SRES, 2000). Within this context, establishing countermeasures on climate adaptation and mitigation is becoming increasingly important to reduce the negative effect of climate change at a global level. Along with global efforts to tackle climate change, Korean government has incorporated 'Low Carbon Green Growth'strategies into its national policy agenda. Local governments have also conducted a number of studies to devise plans for environmentally friendly and sustainable city development. In this paper, the land-use equilibrium model, which reflects economic and geographical characteristics, is used to analyze the change in residential land use and population density. The target area for study is Jeju island in Korea. With an application of land use equilibrium model, it derived three types of scenarios of the land use change: (1) dispersion scenario-reflecting present-day conditions (2) adaptation scenario-applying adaptation measures to climate change and (3) combined scenario-integrating both adaptation and mitigation measures in model to climate change. By applying dispersion to combined scenario, the general trend shows a downward shift in population density. Subsequently, energy consumption and expected cost associated with casualties were calculated on the basis of the findings of respective scenario. The results show a descending trend in energy consumption and expected casualtie. Therefore, understanding for residential land use and population density of each scenario that analyzed land use equilibrium model in the study is expected to devise a environmental city plan for climate change stabilization and climate adaptation and mitigation.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.117-129
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• 2021

In this review, we aimed to synthesize the current knowledge on the observed and projected effects of climate change on the ecosystems of Korea (i.e., the Republic of Korea (ROK) or South Korea), as well as the main causes of vulnerability and options for adaptation in these ecosystems based on a range of ecological and biogeographical data. To this end, we compiled a set of peer-reviewed papers published since 2014. We found that publication of climate-related studies on plants has decreased in the field of plant phenology and physiology, whereas such publication has rapidly increased in plant and animal community ecology, reflecting the range shifts and abundance change that are occurring under climate change. Plant phenology studies showed that climate change has increased growing seasons by advancing the timing of flowering and budburst while delaying the timing of leafing out. Community ecology studies indicated that the future ranges of cold-adapted plants and animals could shrink or shift toward northern and high-elevation areas, whereas the ranges of warm-adapted organisms could expand and/or shift toward the areas that the aforementioned cold-adapted biota previously occupied. This review provides useful information and new insights that will improve understanding of climate change effects on the ecosystems of Korea. Moreover, it will serve as a reference for policy-makers seeking to establish future sectoral adaptation options for protection against climate change.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2022

Objectives In regard to the social competition hypothesis, depression is viewed as an involuntary defeat strategy. A previous study has demonstrated that adaptation in microenvironments can result in a wide range of behavioural patterns including defense activation disorders. Using a simulation model with evolutionary ecological agents, we explore how the fitness of various defence activation traits has changed over time in different environments with high and low social mobility. Methods The Evolutionary Ecological Model of Defence Activation Disorder, which is based on the Marginal Value Theorem, was used to examine changes in relative fitness for individuals with defensive activation disorders after adjusting for social mobility. Results Our study examined the effects of social mobility on fitness by varying the d-values, a measure of depression in the model. With a decline in social mobility, the level of fitness of individuals with high levels of defense activation decreased. We gained insight into the evolutionary influence of varying levels of social mobility on individuals' degrees of depression. In the context of a highly stratified society, the results support a mismatch hypothesis which states that high levels of defence are detrimental. Conclusions Despite the fact that niche specialization in habitats composed of multiple microenvironments can result in diverse levels of defensive activation being evolutionary strategies for stability, decreased social mobility may lead to a decrease in fitness of individuals with highly activated defence modules. There may be a reason behind the epidemic of depression in modern society.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.626-631
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• 2001

Lactobacilli have been considered to play important roles in the health of human vagina. They secrete inhibitory substances to prevent vaginal infection by pathogenic organisms. In a previous study, we have isolated several lactobacilli from Korean woman and one of them (KLB46) was selected and indentified as Lactobacillu crispatus which showed high antimicrobial activity. In this study. cold adaptation prior to subsequent stresses exposure was examined whether L. crispatus KLB46 maintain the viability better than the non-adapted calls under stresses. For pharmaceutical formulation, the lyophilization process is required where stresses such as freezing/thawing and dehydration are routinely applied. Formulated L. crispatus KLB46 can be used for ecological treatment of bacterial vaginosis. The response of cold-adapted cells to other environmental stresses such as acid, heat, ethanol, NaCl, and H$_2$O$_2$ was also examined. The results showed that cold-adapted cells maintained higher survival rate compared with the non-adapted cells (freezing-thawing. 3-folds; dehydration: 3-folds; acid, 3-folds; heat, 10-folds). However, we did net observe any positive effect of cold adaptation on other stresses such as ethanol, NaCl and H$_2$O$_2$. When chloramphenicol was added during cold adaptation, adaptation effect was abolished. This confirms that de novo protein synthesis is necessary during the adaptation process. Moreover, we have identified cold shock protein homolog that codes for a major cold shock protein by PCR amplification using degenerate primers.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.294-300
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• 2003

In the previous study, we have isolated several vaginal lactobacilli from Korean woman and selected one of them (KLB12) for further study, which was indentified as Lactobacillus fermentum by sequence analysis of 16S rRNA gene. Formulated L. fermentum KLB12 can be used for ecological treatment of bacterial vaginosis. For pharmaceutical formulation, the spray-drying process is required where stress such as high temperature is routinely applied. In this study, we found that heat stress at 60$^{\circ}C$ for 20∼30min reduced the viable cell population of KLB12 by 10$\sub$6/～10$\sub$9/. However, adaptation of KLB12 cells at 52$^{\circ}C$ made them more thermotolerant upon exposure to 60$^{\circ}C$. The level of thermal protection in RSM (reconstituted skim milk) by adaptation in acid (pH 5), cold (4$^{\circ}C$), ethanol (3％), NaCI (0.3M) was also examined. Although not as efficient as the homologous stress, adaptations in both cold and NaCI gave considerable cross protection against heat stress. When chloramphenicol was added during heat adaptation, adaptation effect was abolished. This suggests that de novo protein synthesis is necessary during the adaptation process. Important changes in proteome during heat adaptation was examined with two-dimensional gel electrophoresis.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.95-101
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• 2014

In order to investigate effects of elevated $CO_2$ concentration and temperature on the ecological niche of Quercus serrata in Korea. We divided experimental condition in the greenhouse that are control (ambient condition) and treatment with elevated $CO_2$ (approximately 1.6 above than control) and increased air temperature (approximately $2.2^{\circ}C$ above than control). We measured twenty kind characters of seedlings and calculated the ecological niche breadth. As a result, the ecological niche breadth, treatment was widened in the light gradient than the control, was narrowed in the moisture and nutrient gradient. This is may be predicted when the global warming progress, Q. serrata is increases resistance to light environment, and decrease resistance to moisture and nutrient environment. According to the principal component analysis (PCA), control and treatment were arranged based on factor 1 and 2 in each environment gradients. Ecological response is involved variety characters. Among them, indicating that Characters of production is involved in many a parts.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.1-14
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• 2013

A species restoration plan requires a process where the first is to thoroughly study the target species, second is to provide them with an onsite reproduction and adaptation period, and finally, third is to release them to their natural habitat. This study focuses on the space planning for target species' successful onsite reproduction and adaptation. For the study, a site planning near Sobaeksan National Park was implemented with Red Fox's behavior and habitat characteristics in mind for its recovery, reproduction, and natural adaptation. During site selection and planning, the basic aim was to incorporate the existing site as much as possible thus reducing the impact on the environment from the recovery plan. In addition, for a stable recovery of the Red Fox population, the site was classified into three different areas : core area, buffer zone, and transition area. Then, the facilities that help Red Fox's reproduction and adaptation such as reproduction center, foraging site, adaptation training center were planned. Under the condition that the site will be off limit to the public, a limited number of paths for monitoring was provided. For the site's vegetation, the existing species were planted as much as possible with the addition of plants that the Red Fox consume. The facilities included as Red Fox's habitat were fox burrows for hiding and ecological ponds for drinking. From this study, the recovery of the endangered fox species is expected as well as the contribution to an effort to increase of awareness toward the biological resources in Korea through Nagoya protocol. Furthermore, it has the potential to change the public's attitude toward endangered species recovery projects through publicizing and providing experience to the national park visitors.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.1-12
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• 2005

A study on ecological restoration of landfill slope was conducted in Nanjido to compare immediate and long time effect and supply continuous back data for ecological restoration of landfill slope. As a result, all region constructed by SF and CODRA was effective on improving soil environment and preventing slope erosion. In case of former, by adapting flowers the initial scenery was beautifully built however there was tendency that as time passes the introduced plants were being overtaken by native plants thus it was necessary to select plants which are not being overtaken by native plants. In case of latter, by introducing leguminous plants the natural adaptation of plants were moving smoothly.