• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
• /
• v.27 no.1
• /
• pp.11-21
• /
• 2016

Objectives: This study was performed to review the research trends in the treatment of eating disorder in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Methods: The CNKI database (China National Knowledge Infrastructure) was searched under the key words ‘Eating Disorder’, ‘Anorexia Nervosa’, and ‘Bulimia Nervosa’. Results: Thirteen articles were selected. These included 2 studies on bulimia nervosa, and 11 studies on anorexia nervosa. According to study design, studies were classified into 1 randomized controlled trial, 2 single group before-and-after studies, and 8 case reports. According to therapy method, they included 11 herbal medicine studies, and 2 complex treatment studies. The most common pattern identification was ‘liver qi depression’ (肝氣鬱結), and the most used herb was ‘Root of Bupleurum falcatum’ (柴胡). Most of the studies showed effective results. Conclusions: The results of our study indicated that TCM clinical studies on eating disorder were being conducted more actively than in Korean medicine. Korean medical treatment might be effective to relieve eating disorder symptoms. In the future, more scientifically designed clinical studies should be performed to prove the effectiveness of traditional Korean medicine treatment on eating disorder.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
• /
• v.4 no.1
• /
• pp.43-50
• /
• 2010

The aim of this study was to provide descriptive information on meal and snack patterns and to investigate snacks in relation to energy intake and food choice according to the meal patterns of employed people in Korea. 683 employed people (292 males, 391 females) were interviewed to collect one day dietary data by using 24-h dietary recall. A recorded day was divided into 3 meal and 3 snack periods by the respondent's criteria and the time of consumption. To analyze the eating pattern participants were divided as the more frequent snack eaters (MFSE) and the less frequent snack eaters (LFSE). They were also categorized into 6 groups according to the frequency of all eating occasions. The common meal pattern in nearly half of the subjects (47.6%) was composed of three meals plus one or two snacks per day. A trend of an increasing the number of snacks in between main meals emerges, although the conventional meal pattern is still retained in most employed Korean adults. Women, aged 30-39, and urban residents, had a higher number of being MFSE than LFSE. Increasing eating occasions was associated with higher energy, protein, and carbohydrate intakes, with the exception of fat intakes. 16.8% of the total daily energy intake came from snack consumption, while the 3 main meals contributed 83.2%. Energy and macronutrient intakes from snacks in the MFSE were significantly higher than the LFSE. Instant coffee was the most popular snack in the morning and afternoon, whereas heavy snacks and alcohol were more frequently consumed by both of the meal skipper groups ($\leq$2M+2,3S and $\leq$2M+0,1S) in the evening. In conclusion, meal pattern is changing to reflect an increase of more snacks between the three main meals. Meal and snack patterns may be markers for the energy and macronutrient intakes of employed people in Korea.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
• /
• v.12 no.3
• /
• pp.352-360
• /
• 2007

Several nutrients are known to affect bone mineral density (BMD). However, these nutrients are combined with food intake and dietary patterns and little is known about the association of dietary patterns and BMD. The objective of this study was to investigate the association of dietary patterns with BMD in Korea Genome Epidemiology Study subjects. Among 2,884 women (40-69 yr) recruited at baseline study (2001), 861 subjects with BMD measurements at baseline and a 4-year follow up study (2005) completed the semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. BMD was measured by the Quantitative Ultrasound method. One hundred three food items were combined into 17 food groups and 4 dietary patterns were identified by factor analysis. Cluster analysis using factor score classified each subject into one of three dietary pattern groups named 'Rice and kimchi eating' (n = 617), 'Contented eating' (n = 124), and 'Healthy and light eating' (n = 120). The 'Healthy and light eating' group, characterized by higher intake of fruit, vegetables, fish, milk and dairy products, and younger age, more exercise, higher education, and higher income than other groups. The tibia BMD of the 'Healthy and light eating' group was higher than the other groups after adjusting for the age. After the adjustment for the age BMI and exercise, the 'Healthy and light eating' group showed significantly lower odds of tibia osteopenia/osteoporosis risk compared to the 'Rice and kimchi eating' group both at the baseline [OR(95% CI) : 0.50(0.30-0.84)] and follow-up [OR(95% CI) : 0.59(0.36-0.97)] examinations. The dietary pattern with low calorie and high intakes of fruit, vegetables, fish, milk and dairy products may have beneficial effects on BMD in middle-aged women.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
• /
• v.10 no.4
• /
• pp.513-524
• /
• 2005

The dietary habits and eating behaviors of nonagenarian subjects over 90 years old in Korean representative longevity belts of Damyang, Gokseong, Kurye, Sunchang were evaluated. The subjects of the study were 91 elderly people (26 males and 65 females) over 90 years old and their dietary habits, food preferences and meal patterns were collected by individual interview. The percentage of subjects, who answered 'very good' or 'good' for their health status, was $65.9\%$. In this study, $55\%$ of subjects were without chronic diseases, and there was no significance difference in gender. Many subjects had performed regular exercise and outdoor activity. The rate of eating together with their family was $79.1\%$. Most of subjects ($91.2\%$) had a regular mealtime consuming three meals a day, and they had good appetite and pleasure of eating. The higher preference of food group was fruits ($95.6\%$), legumes ($94.5\%$), mushrooms ($93.4\%$) and vegetables ($92.3\%$), but the amount of intakes is higher in vegetables than the others. Eating with family, regular exercise and self-rated good health are improved their nutrient intakes. Most frequently consumed meal pattern was rice plus soup and side dishes. The side dish consumed frequently was Namul (blanch and seasoned vegetables). From this study, the nonagenarian populations in longevity belt in Korea have good dietary habits such as regular mealtime, constant amount of meal and eat with pleasure. They are taking Korean traditional meal pattern, providing enriched antioxidant vegetable foods. Also, it can be concluded that the amount and quality of diet in the long-lived elderly are responsible for the Korean traditional family system.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.54 no.2
• /
• pp.165-178
• /
• 2021

Purpose: This study examined the eating-out patterns of Korean infants and school-aged children and compared diet quality. Methods: Data were obtained from the 2016-2018 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The subjects were 306 children aged 3 to 11 years old that ate dinner at restaurants. Percentage energy intakes of 24 food groups were calculated, and cluster analysis was used to identify eating-out patterns. Diet quality was assessed by calculating percentage energy and nutrient intakes using one-third of the 2015 Dietary Reference Intakes for Korean (KDRIs), nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR), mean adequacy ratio (MAR), and index of nutritional quality (INQ). Results: Cluster analysis identified 2 eating-out patterns, that is, a 'rice-centered' (53%) and a 'mixed diet' (47%) pattern. For those with the mixed diet pattern, ratios of carbohydrates, protein, and fat to total calories were 48:20:31, whereas for the rice-centered pattern, ratios were 62:15:21 (p < 0.001). Intakes of energy and most nutrients in the mixed diet pattern were excessive, but the intakes of the most nutrients in the rice-centered pattern were much lower than their KDRIs. MARs were higher for the mixed diet pattern than the rice-centered pattern (0.74 vs. 0.66) (p < 0.001), and INQs for vitamin C (p = 0.007) and calcium (p = 0.018) were lower for the rice-centered pattern, whereas INQ for iron (p = 0.003) was lower for the mixed diet pattern. Conclusion: The quality of meals for infants and school-aged children depended on eating-out patterns, but the rice-centered and mixed diet patterns both failed to provide an appropriately balanced meal pattern. The results of this study suggest that healthy menus need to be developed for children in restaurants.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
• /
• v.26 no.2
• /
• pp.85-100
• /
• 2020

Eating alone has recently become a very common dietary pattern in modern society. This study investigated the relationship between the frequency of eating alone and health related issues including chronic diseases, depression, and the quality of life (QOL). The 2016 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey provided the basic data for this study. According to the general analysis of 4,910 adults aged over 19 years or older, the average age in the 'eating alone' group was significantly higher (P<0.001), and the ratio of single-person households was significantly higher as the number of times of eating alone increased (P<0.001). Analysis of the relationship between the risk factors of metabolic syndrome according to the number of times eating alone, using logistic regression analysis, showed that the odds ratio of metabolic syndrome in the 'two times eating alone a day' group was approximately 1.3 times higher (OR=1.275) after being corrected for gender, age and energy intake. For the 'three times eating alone a day' group, the metabolic syndrome odds ratio was higher in all models except for model 1 and 5 (P for trend<0.05). The prevalence of depression using patient health questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) was higher as the number of eating alone increased, and the QOL was inversly related with the number of meals eating alone (P for trend<0.01). We hope the results of this study will raise awareness of the health of those people who eat alone and lay the groundwork for individuals who eat alone and gain social attention.

• Mood & Emotion
• /
• v.16 no.3
• /
• pp.169-177
• /
• 2018

Objectives : Despite the lack of domestic research, eating alone has been reported to be related to depression. We investigated correlation between eating alone, and depression, among women age 65 and older. Methods : Among women registered in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data, 1,119 elderly in 2014, and 1,189 in 2016, were analyzed. Eating alone and the degree of depression were assessed, using a questionnaire and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 respectively. The relationship between eating alone and depression, was analyzed using multilevel logistic regression. Results : In 2014 data, eating alone had significant effect on depression, as the explanatory power is increased to 30.4% in a 'three meals eating alone a day' group (${\beta}=0.128$, p<0.05), when the eating alone parameter is added to demographic factors and health characteristics. In 2016, exploitation of 'the frequency of eating alone' variable led to increment of explanatory power to 22.3%, that was not statistically significant. Conclusion : The result of this study suggests that eating alone among women age 65 and older, was a risk factor of depression in 2014, and is becoming a new life pattern as a social and cultural phenomenon in 2016.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
• /
• v.39 no.2
• /
• pp.314-323
• /
• 2022

This study is a descriptive survey research conducted on second and third year nursing students located in G city from October 10 to 13, 2018, in order to assess the effects of life stress and eating habits among nursing students on eating behavior. The results of the study showed that there were differences in the subjects' eating behavior in terms of the amount of pocket money spent on food (F=5.83, p=.003), dietary pattern (t=4.14, p<.001), and unbalanced diet (F=9.27, p<.001). Eating behavior had a significant correlation with life stress (r=-.16, p=.001) and eating habits (r=.50, p<.001). Factors that affected eating behavior included eating habits (𝛽=.42, p<.001), food expenses taken out of pocket money (𝛽=-.14, p=.007), unbalanced diet(𝛽=-.14, p=.007), and life stress (𝛽=-.13, p=.010), and the explanatory power of these factors was 30.6% (F=26.63, p<.001). Based on the results of this study, it is necessary to find a way to promote the practice of having a healthy diet.

• The Korean Nurse
• /
• v.24 no.1 s.129
• /
• pp.52-53
• /
• 1985

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
• /
• v.16 no.2
• /
• pp.125-133
• /
• 2005

Object : This paper is designed to inquire into the influence of eating habits on the emotion of modem people. Method : The methodology is used that searches for materials such as books and treatises on the relationship between eating habits and emotion. Result : Meat used for fast food comes from cows that are fed the feed containing growth hormone and antibiotic. Growth hormone extremely supplements fire or yang within the body while antibiotics undermines the process of yin, leading to an accumulation of damp-heat and inflammation of ministerial fire. Additives contained in instant foods also impinge on the process of yin, leading to poor digestion, damp-heat toxins and ministerial fire. Excessive consumption of meat results in incomplete combustion of fat and hinders the formation of essence. Subsequently, ministerial fire becomes hyperactive as a result of the lack of yin energy. Increased meat consumption in the human diet is coupled with unhealthy eating pattern in which people eat too much for dinner and too quickly. Eating too much disturbs digestion, making it slow and incomplete, leading to excess damp-heat conditions, insufficient amount of vital essence and eventually hyperactive ministerial fire. Milk is considered a catalyst of faster growth, making it suitable for calves. Milk intake rapidly increases the balance of yang and eventually cause hyperactivity of ministerial fire. Conclusion : It is estimated that the eating habits of modern people cause the process of yang, making them feel restless, impatient and aggressive.