• Title/Summary/Keyword: early maturity

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Monitoring of bridge overlay using shrinkage-modified high performance concrete based on strain and moisture evolution

  • Yifeng Ling;Gilson Lomboy;Zhi Ge;Kejin Wang
    • Structural Monitoring and Maintenance
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    • v.10 no.2
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    • pp.155-174
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    • 2023
  • High performance concrete (HPC) has been extensively used in thin overlay for repair purpose due to its excellent strength and durability. This paper presents an experiment, where the sensor-instrumented HPC overlays have been followed by dynamic strain and moisture content monitoring for 1 year, under normal traffic. The vibrating wire and soil moisture sensors were embedded in overlay before construction. Four given HPC mixes (2 original mixes and their shrinkage-modified mixes) were used for overlays to contrast the strain and moisture results. A calibration method to accurately measure the moisture content for a given concrete mixture using soil moisture sensor was established. The monitoring results indicated that the modified mixes performed much better than the original mixes in shrinkage cracking control. Weather condition and concrete maturity at early age greatly affected the strain in concrete. The strain in HPC overlay was primarily in longitudinal direction, leading to transverse cracks. Additionally, the most moisture loss in concrete occurred at early age. Its rate was very dependent on weather. After one year, cracking survey was carried out by vision to verify the strain direction and no cracks observed in shrinkage modified mixes.

Studies on the soybean varieties in Korea. -IV relationships between the seed yields and some characteristics on the several sowing dates- (대두의 품종에 관한 연구 -제4보 파종기별 수량과 제특성과의 관계-)

  • Kwon-Yawl Chang
    • KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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    • v.2
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    • pp.30-37
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    • 1964
  • Experiments were carried out to clarify the relationships between seed yields and some ecological characteristics, seed yields and some morphological characteristics, and the relationships among the varietal yields on the several sowing plots when grown under different climatic conditions. Twenty-four soybean varieties were used as the material, selected at random from 138 varieties which were cultivated the year before. These varieties were grown in the Experimental Farm, Chinju Agricultural College, Kyung Sang Namdo, Korea, and seed sowing was conducted at 5 times, from April to July, in 1962 and 1963. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. Correlations between seed yields and some ecological characteristics on the sowing date bases are shown in Table 1. Among some ecological characteristics, it was observed that there wert close relationships between seed yields and days to flowering, and between seed yields and the total growing length, except on the late sowing, i.e. July sowing plots, However, there was no clear correlation between seed yields and durations of flowering, and between seed yields and days from flowering to maturity. 2. Correlations between seed yields and some morphological characteristics on the sowing date bases are shown in Table 2. From this table, it was also observed that there were some close relationships between seed yields and branch number for plant, stem diameter, plant weight, pod number per plant, and grain number per plant, but there was no clear relationship between seed yields and stem length, and between seed yields and 100 grain weight, on every sowing plot. 3. Relations between varietal yields and the sowing dates are shown in Table 3. Our leading varieties such as Ulsan, Sangdoo, Changdan Backmok, Iksan, Haman, Barchongdeo, and Anion Daerip, which belong to the maturity groups of IV, V, and VI, have been significantly high in yield at each sowing date plot, but the extreme early varieties, that frequently are damaged by insects, moisture and diseases, and the extreme late varieties, that frequently are caught by frost suffering reduced yield, are showed a lower yield than the others. However, extreme early varieties, for instance, Black Hawk, an American variety, and Chung Buk Baek, a Korean early variety, showed high productivity on the late sowing, June and July sowing plots, and Do san No. 6, which is late Japanese variety, showed a high yield on the extreme early sowing, i.e. April sowing plots. 4. Relations between seed yields and the sowing dates on the varietal bases are shown in Table 4. It was observed that, the early varieties did not differ much in yields at the various sowing dates while the yields of late varieties decreased progressively with subsequent dates. However, the extreme late varieties, such as Tamanishiki, that frequently are caught by frost suffering reduced yield, may be difficult to harvest at this location. The results in these experiments showed that in most cases maximum yields were obtained when leading varieties, which are medium or late varieties, were shown in Mid-May, and progressively lower yields were produced from June and July sowings. On the other hand, the late sowings of the early varieties, such as Black Hawk and Chung Buk Baek, in these experiments showed favorable yields compared with the others. From these results, we can predict that our local medium or late varieties produce higher yields at this location than was produced by early varieties in most of the sowing dates, especially the May sowing, and early varieties such as Black Hawk and Chung Buk Baek should be used in the late sowing, June sowing time.

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Studies on the soybean varieties in Korea -III. Relationships between the ecotypes and various characteristics- (대두의 품종에 관한 연구 -제3보 생태형과 제 특성간 그리고 수량과 제 특성간의 관계-)

  • Kwon-Yawl Chang
    • KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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    • v.2
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    • pp.27-29
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    • 1964
  • Experiments were carried out to clarify the relationships between seed yields and some ecological characteristics, seed yields and some morphological characteristics, and the relationships among the varietal yields on the several sowing plots when grown under different climatic conditions. Twenty-four soybean varieties were used as the material, selected at random from 138 varieties which were cultivated the year before. These varieties were grown in the Experimental Farm, Chinju Agricultural College, Kyung Sang Namdo, Korea, and seed sowing was conducted at 5 times, from April to July, in 1962 and 1963. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. Correlations between seed yields and some ecological characteristics on the sowing date bases are shown in Table 1. Among some ecological characteristics, it was observed that there wert close relationships between seed yields and days to flowering, and between seed yields and the total growing length, except on the late sowing, i.e. July sowing plots, However, there was no clear correlation between seed yields and durations of flowering, and between seed yields and days from flowering to maturity. 2. Correlations between seed yields and some morphological characteristics on the sowing date bases are shown in Table 2. From this table, it was also observed that there were some close relationships between seed yields and branch number for plant, stem diameter, plant weight, pod number per plant, and grain number per plant, but there was no clear relationship between seed yields and stem length, and between seed yields and 100 grain weight, on every sowing plot. 3. Relations between varietal yields and the sowing dates are shown in Table 3. Our leading varieties such as Ulsan, Sangdoo, Changdan Backmok, Iksan, Haman, Barchongdeo, and Anion Daerip, which belong to the maturity groups of IV, V, and VI, have been significantly high in yield at each sowing date plot, but the extreme early varieties, that frequently are damaged by insects, moisture and diseases, and the extreme late varieties, that frequently are caught by frost suffering reduced yield, are showed a lower yield than the others. However, extreme early varieties, for instance, Black Hawk, an American variety, and Chung Buk Baek, a Korean early variety, showed high productivity on the late sowing, June and July sowing plots, and Do san No. 6, which is late Japanese variety, showed a high yield on the extreme early sowing, i.e. April sowing plots. 4. Relations between seed yields and the sowing dates on the varietal bases are shown in Table 4. It was observed that, the early varieties did not differ much in yields at the various sowing dates while the yields of late varieties decreased progressively with subsequent dates. However, the extreme late varieties, such as Tamanishiki, that frequently are caught by frost suffering reduced yield, may be difficult to harvest at this location. The results in these experiments showed that in most cases maximum yields were obtained when leading varieties, which are medium or late varieties, were shown in Mid-May, and progressively lower yields were produced from June and July sowings. On the other hand, the late sowings of the early varieties, such as Black Hawk and Chung Buk Baek, in these experiments showed favorable yields compared with the others. From these results, we can predict that our local medium or late varieties produce higher yields at this location than was produced by early varieties in most of the sowing dates, especially the May sowing, and early varieties such as Black Hawk and Chung Buk Baek should be used in the late sowing, June sowing time.

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In vitro Biohydrogenation of Linolenic and Linoleic Acids by Microorganisms of Rumen Fluid (반추위액의 미생물에 의한 In vitro 상에서의 리놀렌산과 리놀산의 Biohydrogenation)

  • Lee, S.W.;Chouinard, Yvan;Van, Binh N.
    • Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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    • v.47 no.6
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    • pp.985-1000
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    • 2005
  • In vitro anaerobic incubations of timothy (Phleum pretense L.) forage with bovine rumen fluid were conducted at 39℃ for 0, 3, 6, 9, 24, and 36 h in three trials to examine the biohy- drogenation of linolenic (C18:3) and linoleic acids (C18:2) and their bypass from the rumen. The objectives of the first trial was to study the effect of growth stage (stem elongation, early heading, late heading, and early flowering) and N-fertilization (0 and 120 kg N ha-1) on in vitro biohydrogenation of C18:2 and C18:3. The hydrogenable fraction, the effective disappearance and the bypass of C18:2 and C18:3 were high in timothy harvested at stem elongation, and decr- ease linearly with maturity. The N-fertilization increased the hydrogenable fraction of C18:3, the effective disappearance and the bypass of C18:2 and C18:3. However, the rate of disappearance of C18:2 and C18:3 were not affected by maturity and N-fertilization (P>0.1). In trial 2, the effect of timothy conservation method on in vitro C18:2 and C18:3 biohydrogenation was determined. Silage had the highest effective disappearance of C18:2 and C18:3, and grass hay had lowest one. The amounts of C18:2 and C18:3 biohydrogenated were higher in haylage and silage than in grass hay. Comparative to haylage timothy, the bypass of C18:3 was higher in fresh grass, wilted grass and grass hay. The bypass of C18:2 was higher in fresh grass and silage in comparison to grass hay and haylage. In trial 3, the effects of formic acid and Lactobacillus plantarum inoculum addition to timothy haylage and silage on C18:2 and C18:3 disappearance and bypass were studied. Haylage and silage additives had no effect (P>0.1) on effective disappearance and bypass of C18:2 and C18:3. The addition of formic acid increased the rate of biohydrogenation of C18:3 in haylage and silage, but it decreased the hydrogenable fraction of C18:2 in silage. The results of these three incubation trials show that the hydrogenable fraction and the bypass of C18:2 and C18:3 in timothy decreased with maturity and increased with N-fertilization. Higher amount of C18:2 and C18:3 were biohydrogenated in haylage and silage than in grass hay, and C18:3 ruminal disappearance was higher in fresh grass, wilted grass and grass hay than in haylage.

Distribution and Ecology of Marsh Clam in Gyeongsangbuk-do II. Reproductive Cycle and Larval Development of the Corbicula japonica (경상북도 재첩자원 분포 및 생태 조사 II. 일본재첩 Corbicula japonica의 생식주기 및 유생발생)

  • 변경숙;정의영
    • The Korean Journal of Malacology
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    • v.17 no.1
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    • pp.45-55
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    • 2001
  • Gametogenes, reproductive cycle, first sexual maturity(biological minimum size), sex ratio and larval development of the marsh clam Corbicula japonica were investigated monthly by histological observations. Samples were collected in brackish water of Gokgang stream, Kyungsangbuk-Do, Korea, from August 1997 to July 1998. Sexuality of Corbicula japonica is dioecious and the species are an oviparous clam. The gonads are irregularly arranged from the sub-region of mid-intestinal gland in visceral cavity to reticular connective tissue of foot. The ovary is composed of a number of ovarian sac which are branched arborescent. Oogonia actively proliferate along the germinal epithelium of ovarian sac, in which young oocytes are growing. The testis is composed of a number of testicular tubules, and the epithelium of the tubule has function of germinal epithelium, along which spermatogonia actively proliferate. A great number of undifferentiated mesenchymal tissue and eosinophilic granular cells are abundantly distributed between developing oocytes and spermatocytes in the early developmental stages. With the further development of the ovary and testis these tissue and cells gradually disappear. Then the undifferentiated mesenchymal tissue and eosinophilic granular cells are considered to be related to the growing of the oocytes and spermatocytes. The spawning period is from July to September, and the main spawning occur between July and August when seawater temperatures reach above 22$^{\circ}C$. The reproductive cycle of this species can be divided into five successive stages; early active (February to April), late active (May to July), ripe (June to September), partially spawned (July to September), degenerative (September to October) and resting stage (October to February). Percentages of first sexual maturity of female and male clams ranging in length from 10 mm to 12 mm are over 50% and 100% for clams over 16.0 mm in shell length. Fertilized eggs or Corbicula japonica were 80-90 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ in diameter. In the early embryonic development of C. japonica, the appearance of polar body, trochophore and D-shaped veliger were observed around 40 min., 27 hours and 4 days after spawning, respectively, at a water temperature of 26.5-28.$0^{\circ}C$. The size of larvae of early umbo stage was about 185-210 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ in shell length, 160-180 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ in shell height around 7 days after fertilization. The correlation of relative growth between the culture day (D) and shell length (SL) was expressed by the following simple formula from D-shaped veliger to metamorphosing stage; SL = 13.300D + 209.36($r^2$= 0.9078).

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Forage Productivity and Quality of Domestic Italian Ryegrass and Barley Varieties (국내 개발 이탈리안 라이그라스와 청보리 주요 품종의 생산성과 사료가치 비교)

  • Seo, Sung;Kim, Won-Ho;Kim, Ki-Yong;Choi, Gi-Jun;Ji, Hee-Chung;Lee, Sang-Hoon;Lee, Ki-Won;Kim, Meing-Jooung
    • Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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    • v.31 no.3
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    • pp.261-268
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    • 2011
  • This study was carried out to determine the forage production and quality of Italian ryegrass (IRG) and forage barley developed by Korea in Suwon, 2009~'10. The nine treatments were two IRG varieties (Kowinearly with early maturity and Kowinmaster with medium maturity), five barley varieties (Youngyang, Wooho, Yuyeon, Dami and Youho), and two mixtures (Kowinearly + Yuyeon and Kowinmaster + Yuyeon). The heading dates of Kowinearly and Kowinmaster were 14 May and 18 May, respectively. The growth stage of barley investigated at 22 May were late milk in Youngyang and Wooho, early dough in Dami and early to medium dough in Yuyeon and Youho. Plant length of IRG in IRG + barley mixtures was 117~118 cm, which was longer than those of IRG monoculture of 98~101 cm, and no lodging was found in mixtures. The dry matter (DM) percentage at harvest was 20.7~25.4% in all treatments. The botanical composition of IRG in mixtures was 43.1%. The percentage of spike per barley plant was become high according to progressed maturity, as a 35.7%, 44.1%, 54.8% and 57.2% in late milk, dough, yellowish and full ripeness stage, respectively, and the spike percentages of Youngyang and Wooho were tends to high. The crude protein (CP) content of IRG as 9.0~10.0% was higher than that of barley (7.0~8.5%), and the contents of NDF and ADF of barley were lower than those of IRG, and in vitro DM digestibility were 64.4% in Kowinearly, 64.1% in Kowinmaster, 64.5% in mixture, and 60.2% (Youho) to 66.4% (Wooho) in barley. The yields of DM, CP and in vitro digestible DM were high in Kowinmaster+barley mixture as a 11,508 kg, 1,046 kg and 7,422 kg per ha, respectively (p<0.05). However, no significant differences in forage yield were observed among cultivar of IRG, and barley, although Wooho was tends to high in digestibility and forage yield among five barley varieties. In conclusion, the mixture cultivation of IRG Kowinmaster + forage barley was recommended, because of preventing of IRG lodging, higher plant length of IRG, increasing of forage yield, and stable production. Selection of suitable winter forage species and variety for district, climate environment, and utilization type of farm was also important.

Study on the Estimation of Genetic Parameters and Selection Efficiency on Early Part-record for Improving Egg Production in Layer (산난계의 유전적 모수 추정과 조기선발효율에 관한 연구)

  • 이득환;오봉국
    • Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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    • v.15 no.3
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    • pp.211-218
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    • 1988
  • Data on egg number from time of first lay to 71 week of age were obtained from samples of single comb white leghorn breeder and brown layer breeder populations which were raised at manny breeding Co. These data were used to estimate the heritabilities of age at sexual maturity, early egg number, residual egg number and annual egg number. Also, the genetic correlation coefficients between these traits were estimated and selection efficiencies of each segment in early part record were estimated by use of the heritabilities and generic correlations. The estimated heritabilities and standard errors in two lines(W and B) were $0.30\pm0.07$ and $0.33\pm0.08$ at early records, $0.19\pm0.06$ and $0.18\pm$0.05 at residual records and $0.37\pm0.09$ and $0.49\pm0.10$ at time of first lay. Those at annual records were $0.24\pm0.06$ equally. The estimated correlation coefficients and standard errors between early record and annual record were $0.76\pm0.08$ and $0.77\pm0.07$. Those between early record and residual record were $0.46\pm0.15$ and $0.39\pm0.16$ respectively. At improving annual egg production per year, selection based on early part record(SM to 40 week of age) would be 69% more efficient than on annual record in line W and 80% more efficient than on annual record in line B. But, if it were considered that egg weight decreased due to sexual maturity and cost for data collection, use of selected segment from 35~40week of age in line W and from 31~40 week of age in line B would be desired in spite of a. small loss in relative selection efficiency. The generation interval would not be shortened.

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Effect of Early Harvest on the Forage Yield, Quality and Regrowth of Italian Ryegrass and Barley Sown in Early Spring (이탈리안 라이그라스와 청보리 춘파 재배에서 조기 수확이 수량과 사료가치 및 재생에 미치는 영향)

  • Seo, Sung;Kim, Won-Ho;Kim, Ki-Yong;Jung, Min-Woong;Choi, Gi-Jun;Park, Hyung-Soo;Lee, Joung-Kyong
    • Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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    • v.31 no.1
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    • pp.39-46
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    • 2011
  • This study was carried out to determine the forage yield, quality, and regrowth of Italian ryegrass (IRG) and barley sown on 2 March 2009 in Suwon. The five treatments were two IRG cultivars (Kowinearly with early maturity and Kowinmaster with medium maturity), one barley cultivar (Yuyeon), and two mixtures (Kowinearly + Yuyeon and Kowinmaster + Yuyeon). The first harvest date was 26 May, which was at late heading, heading and early dough stage of Kowinearly, Kowinmaster and barley, respectively. Regrowth yield was investigated on 29 June. The heading dates of Kowinearly and Kowinmaster were 16 May and 22 May, respectively, and that of barley was 13 May. The dry matter (DM) percentage were 13.0~18.4% at first harvest, and 22.5~24.8% at regrowth in all treatments. The forage yield of barley and Kowinmaster + Yuyeon mixture at first harvest was higher than that of IRG (p<0.05), but higher regrowth yield was observed in IRG, and then IRG + barley mixtures (p<0.05). The crude protein (CP) content and in vitro DM digestibility (IVDMD) of IRG at first harvest were 16.7~17.1% and 78.3~80.4%, respectively, which were higher than those of barley (CP 12.2% and IVDMD 72.6%) and IRG + barley mixtures. The total yields of DM, CP and digestible DM were high in Kowinmaster + Yuyeon mixture as 11,628 kg, 1,669 kg and 8,457 kg per ha, respectively. In conclusion, spring seeding of IRG + barley mixtures and/or barley were recommended when early harvest. Regrowth of IRG sown in early spring was vigorous. Mixture cultivation of IRG and barley was effective, because of forage yield and stable production, and harvest at June instead of May was desirable for forage productivity of spring sown IRG and barley.

The Effects of Children's Elementary School Entance Age and Sex on Cognitive and Social Abilities (아동의 초등학교 입학연령과 성에 따른 인지적.사회적 능력)

  • 천희영
    • Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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    • v.35 no.4
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    • pp.111-124
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    • 1997
  • The purpose of this study was to find out the effects of children's elementary school entrance age and sex on cognitive and social abilities. The subjects were 80 the same number was slected by elementary school entrance age(5-year and 6-year) and sex. Their cognitive and social abilities were measured by Intelligence Maturity Test and Revised Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales. The data were statistically analyzed including descriptive statistics and multivariate analysis of variance. The results were as follows: 1) 6-year-old children had higher perceptive ability of sameness and calculation ability than 5-year-old children. Girls also had higher IQ and language concept than boys, 2) 6-year-old children's communication socialization and total social ability were higher than those of 5-year old children Girls' communication and total social ability were higher than those of boys. The implication was that it would be important to consider children's social ability if their entrance age were decided. In addition Early Entrance to Elementary School system should be reconsidered in the point of childer's developmental adaptation.

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A Field Study to Investigate Moisture Loss from Early-Age Concrete Pavements

  • Jeong Jin-Hoon;Choi Koil
    • Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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    • v.16 no.5 s.83
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    • pp.725-731
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    • 2004
  • A field test program was conducted for the newly placed concrete pavement of US Interstate Highway 10 between March 26th and 28th, 2003. The test section was located between Van Horn and Sierra Blanca in Hudspeth County approximately 130 km east of El Paso, Texas. The main objective of the test was collecting moisture-related data to validate the models of effective curing thickness, evaporation rate, and moisture-based maturity. Effect of moisture loss on drying shrinkage strain was studied using additional test instrumentation.