• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제20권11호
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• pp.1585-1591
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• 2010

A comprehensive study on the production of inflammatory mediators in the lungs of BALB/c mice following infection with Stenotrophomonas maltophilia was conducted. The levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-${\alpha}$), and interleukin-1${\beta}$ (IL-1${\beta}$) were raised in the lungs of infected mice compared with control. The production of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 was slightly delayed. Its peak level was on the $2^{nd}$ day, whereas the peak of pro-inflammatory cytokines was observed on day 1 after intranasal challenge. This was accompanied by a rise in myeloperoxidase (MPO) and malondialdehyde (MDA) on day 1. The increase in MPO levels matched with histopathological observations, as neutrophils infiltration was detected on the first day. Alveolar macrophages (AMs) obtained from infected animals showed a higher rate of uptake and killing when exposed to bacteria in vitro, compared with similar experiments conducted with AMs from normal mice (control). This suggests that AMs were more efficient in cleaning the bacteria. The nitric oxide (NO) production however started early during infection but reached its maximum on the $3^{rd}$ day. No mortality was observed among the infected animals, and infection was resolved by the $5^{th}$ day post infection. No drastic changes in the lung tissue were observed on histopathological examination.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• 제46권3호
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• pp.88-92
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• 2021

Acute osteomyelitis caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae is rare in the oral and maxillofacial region. Klebsiella pneumoniae is a Gram-negative bacillus and the normal flora of the human body, but it can cause pneumonia, urinary tract infection, meningitis, and osteomyelitis in patient with compromised immune systems. These infections are mainly caused by nosocomial infection. Microbacterial osteomyelitis was developed by clinical cause such as tooth extraction, fracture, and surgical history, which requires long-term antibiotic administration and surgical treatment. This report describes that a 56-year-old male patient with acute osteomyelitis caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae infection after implant placement was treated with intravenous administration of ertapenem without open surgery treatment. Through this case, we report that antibiotic susceptibility test is essential for the treatment of acute osteomyelitis caused by a bacterial infection resistant to empirical antibiotics, and early administration of appropriate antibiotics can reduce the possibility of extensive bone destruction or additional open surgery.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.27.1-27.12
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• 2021

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of respiratory viral infection in infants and children. However, little is known about the contribution of monocytes to antiviral responses against RSV infection. We identified the IFN-β production of monocytes using IFN-β/YFP reporter mice. The kinetic analysis of IFN-β-producing cells in in vivo RSV-infected lung cells indicated that monocytes are recruited to the inflamed lung during the early phase of infection. These cells produced IFN-β via the myeloid differentiation factor 88-mediated pathway, rather than the TLR7- or mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein-mediated pathway. In addition, monocyte-ablated mice exhibited decreased numbers of IFN-γ-producing and RSV Ag-specific CD8⁺ T cells. Collectively, these data indicate that monocytes play pivotal roles in cytotoxic T-cell responses and act as type I IFN producers during RSV infection.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.820-824
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• 1990

A very early and effective technique of sternal closure by plastic plates was successfully applied to a 7-months-old infant of tetralogy of Fallot in whom the standard closure of sternum was not possible due to massive generalized edema after cardiopulmonary bypass for total correction. This technique provides not only solid but also permanent closure of the sternum so that any early reoperation for closure of sternum and its accompanying risk of infection in many other known methods can be avoided.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.187-200
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• 2014

Herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2) are the most common cause of genital ulceration in humans worldwide. Typically, HSV-1 and 2 infections via mucosal route result in a lifelong latent infection after peripheral replication in mucosal tissues, thereby providing potential transmission to neighbor hosts in response to reactivation. To break the transmission cycle, immunoprophylactics and therapeutic strategies must be focused on prevention of infection or reduction of infectivity at mucosal sites. Currently, our understanding of the immune responses against mucosal infection of HSV remains intricate and involves a balance between innate signaling pathways and the adaptive immune responses. Numerous studies have demonstrated that HSV mucosal infection induces type I interferons (IFN) via recognition of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and activates multiple immune cell populations, including NK cells, conventional dendritic cells (DCs), and plasmacytoid DCs. This innate immune response is required not only for the early control of viral replication at mucosal sites, but also for establishing adaptive immune responses against HSV antigens. Although the contribution of humoral immune response is controversial, $CD4^+$ Th1 T cells producing IFN-${\gamma}$ are believed to play an important role in eradicating virus from the hosts. In addition, the recent experimental successes of immunoprophylactic and therapeutic compounds that enhance resistance and/or reduce viral burden at mucosal sites have accumulated. This review focuses on attempts to modulate innate and adaptive immunity against HSV mucosal infection for the development of prophylactic and therapeutic strategies. Notably, cells involved in innate immune regulations appear to shape adaptive immune responses. Thus, we summarized the current evidence of various immune mediators in response to mucosal HSV infection, focusing on the importance of innate immune responses.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제19권9호
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• pp.1304-1308
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• 2009

To investigate the infection patterns of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) in Korean pig farms, a total of 4,768 swine sera samples from 159 pig farms were taken twice, in June (n=82) and October (n=77) in 2007. In each farm selected for the survey, 10 samples from breeding pigs and 4 from each of the 5 age groups (30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 days) were taken, and all serum samples were tested for PEDV by the serum neutralization test. The overall seroprevalence was 62.6% (2,983/4,768), with the highest prevalence in breeding pigs (93.5%, 1,485/1,589). The prevalence showed an increasing trend with increasing age (30.8, 27.2, 44.7, 61.6, and 71.2% respectively in the 30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 days age groups) (p<0.0001 for $x^2$ trend test). The association between age and PEDV prevalence was similar in both surveys, indicating that the infection of PEDV seemed to be occurring repeatedly in the farms surveyed. This inference could also be explained by the fact that prevalence in sows was very high despite low vaccination coverage, as they are continuously exposed to PEDV in potentially infected farms for a longer period. Based on the neutralizing antibody levels in sows and growing pigs, the majority of farms (91.8%, n=146 farms) were endemically infected with PEDV, and most of pigs seemed to be intensively infected with PEDV at around early growth (41.8%) and weaning (31.5%). On the other hand, serum neutralizing antibodies were not detected in pigs older than 30 days of age in farms classified as having no PEDV infection (n=13 farms), indicating the level of maternal antibody against PEDV is decreased on a non-detectable level before the piglet is 60 days old in the field situation. The results indicated that most farms surveyed in 2007 were affected with endemic PEDV infection. Therefore, a national monitoring and control program for the endemic type PEDV infection needs further attention.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제47권4호
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• pp.409-412
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• 2009

In this experiment, the correlation between antigenemia and specific antibody responses in Toxoplasma gondii-infected rabbits was assessed. We injected 1,000 T. gondii tachyzoites (RH) subcutaneously into 5 rabbits. Parasitemia, circulating antigens, and IgM and IgG antibody titers in blood were tested by ELISA and immunoblot. For detection of parasitemia, mice were injected with blood from rabbits infected with T. gondii and mice died between days 2 and 10 post-infection (PI). Circulating antigens were detected early on day 2 PI, and the titers increased from day 4 PI and peaked on day 12 PI. Anti-Toxoplasma IgM antibody titers increased on day 6 PI and peaked on days 14-16 PI. IgG was detected from day 10 PI, and the titers increased continuously during the experiment. The antigenic protein patterns differed during the infection period, and the number of bands increased with ongoing infection by the immunoblot analysis. These result indicated that Toxoplasma circulating antigens during acute toxoplasmosis are closely related to the presence of parasites in blood. Also, the circulating antigen levels were closely correlated with IgM titers, but not with IgG titers. Therefore, co-detection of circulating antigens with IgM antibodies may improve the reliability of the diagnosis of acute toxoplasmosis.

• 한국연초학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.11-17
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• 1989

$AOS(\alpha-olefin),$ LAS(linear alkyl benzene), OSS(dioctyl sulfosuccinate) 및 SAS (dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid)등 4종 계면활성제의 TMV 감염저지 효과를 잎담배 품종 Xan-thi-nc 및 NC 82를 이용하여 조사하였다. 각 계면활성제를 2,500ppm 농도로 담배잎에 처리한 경우 바이러스(TMV) 또는 TMV RNA를 접종했을 때 모두 98% 이상의 감염저지 효과를 나타냈다. 그러나 이들을 담배 근권토양에 처리 3일후 잎에 Virus를 접종하여 병징 및 엽중 Virus 농도를 조사한 결과 무처리구와 차이가 없어 침투이행에 의한 TMV 감염저지 효과는 인정되지 않았다. 순화된 바이러스를 각 계면활성제 2,500ppm 용액과 혼합한 후 초고속원심분리에 의해 다시 Virus를 회수하여 활성을 조사한 결과 LAS는 96% 이상 Virus를 불활성화시켰으며, 이 외는 바이러스 활성에 영향을 미치지 못했다. 또 각 계면활성제가 처리된 Virus 입자의 형태는 무처리입자와 차이가 없었다. 이같은 결과들로 미루어 4종의 계면활성제가 나타낸 TMV 감염저지 효과는 바이러스 입자의 파괴 또는 감염초기 바이러스 입자의 외피 단백질 탈피억제에 의한 것이 아닌 것으로 판단된다.

• 근관절건강학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.135-147
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• 2018

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop evidence-based guidelines for infection control in nursing homes in Korea (ENIK). Methods: Three steps were planned for the development which were developing a draft and testing the content validity. First, the draft was based on evidence and developed through focus group interviews with nurses in nursing homes, a comprehensive review of international guidelines and literature, and systematic reviews of interventions for infection control and outbreaks in long-term care facilities. Clinical applicability was established through reviews of nursing records and job assignments in one nursing home. The final step consisted of experts evaluating the content validity. The ENIK was revised to fit Korean nursing homes. Results: The ENIK consisted of recommendations in 9 compositions and a one-page practical algorithm. The principles of infection control were presented by statements and specific strategies were recommended in resident care programs. The infection control practical algorithm was organized into 3 steps: screening at admission, prevention, and control at the early stage. The practice to control infection was composed of a 5-step process. Conclusion: The ENIK will contribute to improving the competency of infection control practice because it provides standardized practice and is tailored to Korean nursing homes.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.363-370
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• 2015

Using the Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris) cultivar 'Chun-goang' as a host and turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) as a pathogen, we studied the effects of ambient temperature ($13^{\circ}C$, $18^{\circ}C$, $23^{\circ}C$, $28^{\circ}C$ and $33^{\circ}C$) on disease intensity and the speed of systemic infection. The optimal temperature for symptom expression of TuMV was $18-28^{\circ}C$. However, symptoms of viral infection were initiated at $23-28^{\circ}C$ and 6 days post infection (dpi). Plants maintained at $33^{\circ}C$ were systemically infected as early as 6 dpi and remained symptomless until 12 or 22 dpi, depending on growth stage at the time of inoculation. It took 45 days for infection of plants grown at $13^{\circ}C$. Quantitative realtime polymerase chain reaction (q-PCR) results showed that the accumulation of virus coat protein was greater in plants grown at $23-28^{\circ}C$. The speed of systemic infection increased linearly with rising ambient temperature, up to $23^{\circ}C$. The zero-infection temperature was $10.1^{\circ}C$. To study the effects of abruptly elevated temperatures on systemic infection, plants inoculated with TuMV were maintained at $10^{\circ}C$ for 20 d; transferred to a growth chamber at temperatures of $13^{\circ}C$, $18^{\circ}C$, $23^{\circ}C$, $28^{\circ}C$, or $33^{\circ}C$ for 1, 2, or 3 d; and then moved back to $10^{\circ}C$. The numbers of plants infected increased as duration of exposure to higher temperatures and dpi increased.