• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.12 no.8
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• pp.1192-1199
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• 1999

Two cultivars of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.), "Dinninup" and "Seaton Park" were sown at Shenton Park Field Station, Western Australia, in May 1992 and 1993. The characteristics of Dinninup related to animal production were compared with Seaton Park under grazing conditions with herbage utilization efficiencies of 60% in 1992 and 65% in 1993. The results showed that Dinninup and Seaton Park had similar dry matter digestibility (77-78%) and dry matter production (1,290 kg/ha in 1992; 930 kg/ha in 1993) before flowering initiation even though Dinninup had more (p<0.05) branches, leaves and petioles per plant. After flowering, the herbage on offer of Dinninup was higher (p<0.05) and dry matter digestibility was lower (p<0.05) than that of Seaton Park while the sward structure was similar for both cultivars. The variation in nutritive value among plant parts increased with maturation. Leaf was more digestible than stem and petiole with a higher nitrogen content, and stem had the lowest dry matter digesitibility and nitrogen content in late of the season. Sheep did not show any preference for Seaton Park over Dinninup. The predicted bodyweight gain of sheep grazing pure Seaton Park and Dinninup swards using Grazfed software indicated that sheep grazing Dinninup were predicted to have a similar bodyweight gain in early growing stage and a significantly lower gain after flowering compared with those grazing Seaton Park.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.366-372
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• 2009

This study was conducted to develop new lines expressing the characteristic of early flowering by introducing MdMADS2 gene in chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflorum (Ramat.) Kitamura) ‘Zinba'. Transformation of chrysanthemum was conducted by Agrobacterium tumefaciens LBA4404 harboring the binary vector containing MdMADS2 controlled by double CaMV 35S promoters. Ninety three shoots were regenerated from 1,463 leaf segment explants cultured on the first selection medium (MS basal salts + 1.0 mg/L BA + 0.5 mg/L IAA + 10 mg/L kanamycin + 400 mg/L cefotaxime, pH 5.8) after co-cultivation, and 20 out of the 93 shoots rooted on the second selection medium containing 20 mg/L kanamycin and 400 mg/L cefotaxime. Many escapes (98.6%) were removed on the selection stage for rooting. Nineteen lines were confirmed as transgenic plant with transgene by PCR analysis. Six transgenic plants flowered 2-11 days earlier than non-transgenic plant without big change of phenotype, and especially, 3 (Mo-7, Mo-11, Mo-17) out of 6 transgenic lines showed a significant reduction in days to flowering compared to non-transgenic plant. Introduction and expression of MdMADS2 gene in them were confirmed by Southern and real-time PCR analyses, respectively.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.18-30
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• 2022

Background: Bees and flowering plants associations were initially began during the early Cretaceous, 120 million years ago. This coexistence has led to a mutual relationship where the plant serves as food and in return, the bee help them their reproduction. Animals pollinate about 75% of food crops worldwide, with bees as the world's primary pollinator. In general, bees rely on flower scents to locate blooming flowers as visual clue is limited and also their host plants from a distance. In this review, an attempt is made to collect some relevant 107 published papers from three scientific databases, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Web of Science database, covering the period from 1959 to 2021. Results: Flowering plants are well documented to actively emit volatile organic compounds (VOCs). However, only a few of them are important for eliciting behavioral responses in bees. In this review, fifty-three volatile organic compounds belonging to different class of compounds, mainly terpenoids, benzenoids, and volatile fatty acid derivatives, is compiled here from floral scents that are responsible for eliciting behavioral responses in bees. Bees generally use honest floral signals to locate their host plants with nectar and pollen-rich flowers. Thus, honest signaling mechanism plays a key role in maintaining mutualistic plant-pollinator associations. Conclusions: Considering the fact that floral scents are the primary attractants, understanding and identification of VOCs from floral scent in plant-pollinator networks are crucial to improve crop pollination. Interestingly, current advances in both VOCs scent gene identification and their biosynthetic pathways make it possible to manipulate particular VOCs in plant, and this eventually may lead to increase in crop productivity.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.115-124
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• 1968

It was shown that the most desirable characters for kenaf are high-fiber weight and moderately early maturity. Therefore, the objectives of this research on this crop is to find varieties possessing these characteristics. The experiments covered in this report provided new information relative to segregation, mode of inheritance, estimate of the number of genes involved in fiber weight and their response to short day length of 10 hours and the qualitative characters, such as, color of stem, capsule, petiole and shape of leaves. The associations which exist among these characters are also indicated. Fiber weight per plant, days to flowering, Stem color, Petiole color, Capsule color, and shape of leaves were studied in parental, $F_1$.$F_2$and backcross populations of a cross between Dashkent, a low-fiber weight but early maturing kenaf variety, and G 38 F-1, a high-fiber weight but late maturing kenaf variety. Crosses were made using the varieties, Dashkent and G 38 F-1 as parents. The Dashkent parent had the following characteristics: green stems, capsules and petioles and lobed shaped leaves; 105.8234 mean-days to flowering in the field, and 106.9222 mean-days under 10 hours short day treatment. The other parent, G 38 F-1 had red stems yellow capsules and red petioles and unlobed shaped leaves; 149.8921 mean-days to flowering in the field, and 62.3684 mean-days under 10 hours short day treatment. Both of the parents, $F_1$, $F_2$, $BC_1$ ($F_1$ X Dashkent, ) and $BC_2$($F_1$ ${\times}$ G38F-1) of the kenaf cross were grown at the Crops Experiment Station, Suwon, Korea in 1965. Color of stems, petioles and capsules, and shape of leaves were noted to be simply inherited as a single factor. Red stem color was dominant over green stem color, red petiole color was dominant over green petiole, lobed shaped leaves were dominant over unlobed shaped leaves and yellow capsules were dominant over green capsule. It was, also, noted that the factor for color of petiole was linked with the factor for shape of leaf with a 11.9587 percent recombination value, however no interaction or linkage were found among the color of stem and capsule color. Using Powers partitioning method, theoretical means and frequency distributions for each population, the days to flowering were calculated with the assumption that two gene pairs were involved. The values obtained fitted the theoretical values. In general this would indicate that Dashkent and G 38 F -1 were differentiated by two gene pairs. Heritability values were calculated as the percent of additive genetic variance. Heritability value of days to flowering, 89.5% in the broad sense and 79.91% in the narrow sense, indicated that the selection for this character would be effective in relatively early generations. Particularly, high positive correlations were found between days to flowering and the color of petioles and shape of leaves. However, there was no relation between days to flowering and capsule color nor between these and stem color. On the basis of the results of this experiment there is evidence that the hereditary factor for shape of leaves and the color of petioles is linked with an effective factor or factors for the characters of days to flowering. The association was sufficiently close to offer a possible simple and efficient means of selection for moderately early mat. uring plants by leaf shape and petiole color selection. Again using Powers partitioning method the frequency distribution for each population to the fiber weight were calculated with the assumption that two gene pairs, AaBb, were involved. Both phenotypic and genotypic dominance were complete. The obtained value did not agree with the theoretical value for $F_2$ and $BC_1$ ($F_1$ ${\times}$ Dashkent.) It seems that Dashkent and G 38 F-1 were differentiated by two major gene pairs but some the other minor genes are necessary. It is certain that the hereditary factor for shape of leaves and color of petioles is linked with an effective factor or factors for fiber weight. Also, high. yielding plants with moderately early maturity were found in the $F_2$ population. Thus, simultaneous selection for high-fiber yield and moderately early maturing plants should be possible in these populations. Phenotypic and genotypic correlation coefficients between fiber weight per plant and days to flowering, stem height and stem diameter were calculated. In general, genotypic correlations are higher than the phenotypic correlation. The highest correlation is found between stem height and fiber weight per plant (0.7852 in genotypic and 0.4103 in phenotypic) and between days to flowering and fiber weight per plant (0.7398 in genotypic and 0.3983 in phenotypic.) It was also expected that the selection of high stem height and moderately early maturing plants were given the efficient means of selection for high fiber weight.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.56-67
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• 1978

This study was conducted to characterize comparatively the accumulative patterns of protein and oil, temporal changes in electrophoretic components of proteins during seed development and maturation for the soybean varieties with high, medium and low protein contents. 1. The dry matter of the developing seed increases slowly for the first 22 days after flowering, followed by rapid linear increase for 20 to 30 days and further slow increase for 5 to 15 days attaining its maximum. During the period 12 to 27 days after flowering the protein content of seed increases rapidly while oil content increases rapidly. Following this period of rapid changes, there was period of slow increase until 40 to 47 days after flowering and no seizable further change in the content of both protein and oil. 2. The high protein variety, Saikai # 20, was characterized by shorter period and lower rate of decrease in protein content during the early period, followed by longer period and higher rate of increase in protein content, with earlier stop of oil accumlation during the seed development. 3. The low protein and high oil variety, Shelby, was characterized by longer period of decrease in protein content and shorter period of increase in protein content in contrast to the longer period of slow oil increase during seed development. 4. The temporal pattern of protein component accumulation during seed development was distinctly different among varieties differing in protein content. The time of distinct appearance of all the protein components identifiable in the matured seeds was in accordance with the end of d crease in the protein content of seed. A component having Rm of 0.03 which was absent in the matured seeds was identifiable during the first 17 days after flowering. 5. The high protein variety, Saikai # 20, had much higher compositioral ratio of the component a from the early days of seed development and it continued to increase until 47 days after flowering, while the increase in the composition of the component a stopped as early as 27 days after flowering in the other lower protein varieties. 6. The composition of the component b increased during the period from 17 to 42 days after flowering in all the varieties tested, but the rate of increase during the period was lowest in the high protein variety, Saikai # 20.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.123-126
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• 1999

Effects of garlic juice (GJ), ethanol- (GJAE) and ethyl ether extract of garlic juice (GJEE), onion juice (OJ) and ethanol extract of onion juice (OJAE), garlic juice+Merit Blue (GJ+MB), ethanol extract of garlic juice+Merit Blue (GJAE+MB), onion juice+Merit Blue (OJ+MB), ethanol extract of onion juice+Merit Blue (OJAE+MB), and Merit Blue (MB) on budbreak, flowering, and maturity of plastic house-grown 'Daebong' grapes (Vitis labruscana B.) were studied. MB alone and in combination with other formulae hastened the budbreak, and double application was more effective than single one. Most of the buds sprouted in early forcing, but percent budbreak in late forcing was very poor except for MB application. In early forcing, single application of MB in combination with other formulae was most effective for hastening flowering while the response to double application was not consistent, and even delayed the flowering except for OJAE, MB, and OJ+MB. In late forcing, single application of all dormancy-breaking agents, especially MB in combination with other formulae, hastened the flowering while flowering response to double application was inconsistent, and even delayed the flowering except for OJAE+MB and OJ. Although there were no significant differences in harvest date among treatments and the number of application in early forcing, single and double application of MB alone and in combination with other formulae, especially double application of OJAE+MB hastened the harvest date for 12 days in late forcing culture.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.257-262
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• 2007

The objective of this research was to develop a high yielding, early and medium-late flowering new hairy vetch(Vicia villosa Roth) varieties derived from an accession in Korea. Most vigorous early and medium-late flowering hairy vetch lines were selected and crossed by open pollination and their seeds were bulked and plants were reselected at Seongju in the Keongbuk and at Sacheon in the Keongnam. A performance trial was conducted to evaluate agronomic characteristics, forage quality and dry matter(DM) yield of new hairy vetch early-maturing 'Cold green' and medium-late maturing variety 'Cheong pa' at Seongju and Sacheon. 'Cold green' and 'Cheong pa' are hair but 'Haymaker plus' and 'Latigo' are nearly hairless. 'Cold green' has purple flowers while 'Cheong pa' has violet. The cold tolerance of 'Cold green,' 'Cheong pa' and 'Latigo' was higher than 'Haymaker plus' at Seong-ju, Keongbuk province, in inland region but there were a little differences at Sacheon, Keongnam province in southern coast region. Fifty percent-flowering dates of 'Cold green' and 'Haymaker plus' had earlier than others and 'Cheong pa' was earlier than 'Latigo'. The DM yield of 'Cold green' was higher than that of others, but 'Cheong pa' and 'Haymaker plus' had higher than 'Latigo' at Seong-ju(P<0.05). In Sacheon, The DM yield of 'Cold green' and 'Haymaker plus' was higher than others and 'Cheong pa' had higher than 'Latigo'.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.403-408
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• 1992

The flowering in Lemna gibba G3, a long-day plant, was promoted under continuous light by agmatine, putrescine, spermidine and spermine present in the culture medium. Methylglyoxal-bis (guanylhydrazone) (MGBG) and cyc10hexylamine (CHA), inhibitors of polyamine biosynthesis, were found to suppress the flowering in the plants. The vegetative grov.1h rate was kept constant while the flowering was being promoted by the pOlyamines, and the inhibitors with depressive effect on flowering showed stimulatory effect on vegetative grov.1h. The pattern of vegetative growth during floral promotion or depression was an indication that the promotive action of the pOlyamines and the suppressive effect of the inhibitors may be outcome of their possible involvement specifically in the flowering process rather than in broad spectrum of growth of L. gibba G3. The degree of promotive action of spermdine and spermine could not be altered (or lessened) by simultaneous application of their inhibitors to the medium. This phenomenon indicates that the flowering process in L. gibba G3 may largely be dependent to the status of endogenous spermidine and spermine. Endogenous level of spermidine in florally induced Lemna, was found to rapidly increase. In 24 h of floral induction, the content reached at the level 2 times higher than that in non-induced plants. The elevated level of spermidine provides an additional, though premature, evidence supporting the postulation that endogenous polyamine status might play an important role in the very early stage of floral induction in L. gibba G3.bba G3.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.96 no.6
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• pp.699-704
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• 2007

This experiment was conducted to investigate growth and flowering characteristics of Iris koreana and Iris minutoaurea Makino native to Korea for potting plant of early spring treated by forcing date and temperature. As forcing date delayed from November 1 to December 1, the plant height and number of leaves were increased, however no difference in the number of flower and date of flowering. In Iris koreana, the plant was not flowering in forcing on November 1, flowering 30% on November and 100% on December 1. However all the forcing plant flowered in Iris minutoaurea Makino. As forcing temperature increased from $7^{\circ}C$ to $15^{\circ}C$, the plant height and number of leaves were decreased, however the number of flower in $7^{\circ}C$ was increased and date of flowering was earlier than ones of higher temperature. In Iris koreana, the plant was not flowered in forcing $12^{\circ}C$ and $15^{\circ}C$, all flowered in forcing $7^{\circ}C$. Iris minutoaurea Makino was flowered 30% forcing in $12^{\circ}C$ and all flowered forcing in $7^{\circ}C$.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.89-94
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• 2013

This study was carried out to calculate the genic values of days for flowering in commercial breeding lines of Korean hot pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). Two breeding lines of pepper '#2132' ($P_1$) early-flowering, and '#1308' ($P_2$) medium-late flowering, and their $F_1$ and $F_2$ generations were used in this study. By using partitioning method (Thseng and Hosokawa, 1971, 1972), it was possible to estimate, from the $F_2$ generations, the number of effective factor pairs differentiating the two parents. It was found out that the two parents were differentiated by two effective factor pairs, A:a and B:b. In the breeding lines used, the inheritance of days to flowering showed that the $F_1$ flowered a little earlier than the earlier flowering parent through the effect of over-dominance. However, $F_2$ flowered earlier or later than both parents through transgressive segregation. Conclusively, the magnitude of genic effects of A-a gene in flowering days was -13.81 days, and B-b gene was -6.73 days. The interaction between the two non-allelic factors using partitioning method was -5.26 days.