• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
• /
• v.23 no.4
• /
• pp.623-632
• /
• 2010

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationships between table attitudes(or table manners), nutrition knowledge, eating/snacking habits, and BMI in elementary school children. For the study, 350 [4~6th grade] elementary students were recruited and surveyed. Each response for 10 questions regarding table attitudes was scored by a 5-point scale(5 points=strongly agreed & 1 point=strongly disagreed) with a total score of 50. The reliability of 10 questions about nutrition knowledge was validated using Cronbach's ${\alpha}$(Cronbach's ${\alpha}$=0.80). Total scores for table attitudes were significantly different between the boys and girls(p<0.05). The total score for nutrition knowledge was significantly higher in the girls(7.67/10.0), compared to the boys(7.35/10.0)(p<0.05). The children showed high rates of incorrect answers in questions regarding the function or importance of specific nutrients. No significant differences between the boys and girls were found for places of snack purchase, or pocket money/day. Most of the children answered spending less than 800 won of pocket money per day. More boys preferred meals with meats and disliked Kimchi and vegetables compared to girls, and the differences were statistically significant. The score for table attitudes was significantly and negatively correlated with nutrition knowledge and gender. No significant correlations between BMI and table attitudes or nutrition knowledge were shown.

• Journal of the Korean Operations Research and Management Science Society
• /
• v.3 no.1
• /
• pp.31-46
• /
• 1978

Consider a time interval during which the demand for trips is fixed (e.g. the rush hour period). The traveller has a choice between various public modes, whose travel times and fares are fixed, and the automobile mode, for which travel time and cost depend on the volume of traffic flow on those roads, which are subject to congestion. We consider the equilibrium in terms of a representative travellerm, who choses for any trip the mode and route with the least combined money and time cost. When several (parallel) model or routes are chosen, then the combined cost of money and time must be equal among these. Our problem is first, to find the optimal flows of cars and of public mode carriers on the various links of their networks and second the optimal fares for trips by the variousmodes. The object is to minimize the total operating costs of the carriers and car plus the total time costs to travellers. The optimal fares are related to, but not identical with the dual variables of the underlying Nonlinear Program. They are equal to these dual variables only in the case, when congestion tolls on trips or on the use of specific roads are collected from automobile users. When such tolls are not collected, they must be passed on as subsidies to travellers using competing modes. The optimal fares of public modes are then reduced by the amounts of these subsidies. Note that subsidies are not a flat payment to public carriers, but are calculated on the basis of tickets sold. Fares and subsidies depend in general on tile period considered. They will be higher during periods of higher demand. When the assumption of fixed trip demand is relaxed, this tare system is no longer best, but only second best since too much traffic will, in general, be generated. The Free Rider Theorem states the following : Suppose road tolls can be charged, so that a best pricing system for public modes is posssible. Then there may exist free rides on some routes and modes, but never on a complete round trip.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
• /
• v.40 no.1
• /
• pp.131-143
• /
• 2017

As the number of tourists visiting Seoul are continuously increasing, the demand of an integrative tour pass is also increasing. However, only a few tour passes are available for the tourists in Seoul. In this paper, we propose a new tour pass called "Seoul Landmark Pass" targeting foreign individual travelers and investigate the marketability of the proposed tour pass. For the configuration of the Seoul Landmark Pass we listed 17 candidate attractions charging entrance fee in Seoul, referring to e-guidebook on Visit Seoul web site. Among them we selected 6 attractions using the checklist with the attributes that foreign tourists would prefer. We also performed SWOT analyzes on existing tour passes to determine the benefits to be included in the proposed tour pass. To investigate the marketability of the proposed tour pass we have surveyed the foreign individual tourists in Seoul. Using the survey data, we have analyzed the intent of purchase by age, visiting period, visiting purpose, frequency of visit, and nationality to identify target customers. The results show that the intent of purchase is high among the Chinese tourists at the age of twenties who visited Seoul for the first time or second times. Also, the individual tourists prefer to bundle T-money card with the proposed tour pass. Finally, we have provided a brief review of the Price Sensitivity Measurement (PSM) method and applied PSM to determine the acceptable price range and the optimal price of the proposed tour pass. The optimal price of the proposed tour pass is determined at 53,000 won including T-money card.

• The Journal of the Korea institute of electronic communication sciences
• /
• v.5 no.1
• /
• pp.58-65
• /
• 2010

The research which sees is to paying in advance and or the after non traffic card use composes shortens about the method which sorts the difference of the method which with the thing is proposing from card system of existing and that system improves only the unable card or serviceable card information and the response time of the system operation and to improve the method which composes information, control method preparation improved a updating speed and effectiveness of system improvement at the time. The respectively file composed with the multiple mind section from the research which sees hereupon and also each section composed of the multiple mind block and each block multiple mind divided at size of the unit which will count and with the index father whom composes more kicked a low-end ratio use wrongly or in serviceable card information and the low to compose with the data bringing up for discussion territory which composes of information the efficiency of system, improved.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
• /
• v.24 no.4
• /
• pp.39-52
• /
• 2013

This study examined the key factors that significantly improved the demand of multi-habitation. It determined the factors at the macroscopic level (or push factors) and the microscopic level (or pull factors). Focusing on a microscopic viewpoint, this study looked at the process of settlement through investigating 78 MH residents in the Seoul metropolitan area. The survey included the questions, such as who they are, how they prepared for moving, and how much they enjoyed their rural lives. In addition, any differences in this process were analyzed depending on respondents' characteristics. Major findings are as follows: First, general macro-level circumstances seemed supportive for the MH lifestyles. Second, six keywords were determined to represent the recent MH trends. They are "semi-sedentism, clustering, young people, female, money, and policy". Third, the distances between the original towns for native residents and new second-home towns for MH residents affected the interactions among them. However, these two groups had better relationships when the second-home towns were apart from the original towns. I then considered the need of a buffer zone between the two residential areas for MH residents. The conceptual difference between MH residents (i.e., semi-sedentism) and original rural residents (i.e., sedentism) might require certain types of buffer zones to continue good relationships among them.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.30 no.2
• /
• pp.139-146
• /
• 1997

Use of the viamin-mineral supplements markedly increased with the awareness of diet and health. Data were collected from the self-administered questionnaire of 450 free living elderly, 60 to 94 years old, in Korea, to assess the relationships between socioeconomic variables, beliefs about nutrition, and the factors affecting gupplements usage. In addition, vitamin-mineral intakes through the supplements were calculated, and compared with RDA. 44.9% of the subjects took the vitamin-mineral supplements, and significantly higher percentage of women(49.3%) than men(38.1%) took supplements(p<0.05). The higher the education level, monthly pocket money, the percentage of supplements consumption was higher. People living in large cities took more supplements than those in small cities. One of the mainly cited reasons for taking supplements was to maintain health. The most favored nutrient supplements used by the subjects were in the order of vitamin B complex, vitamin E and Calcium, and vitamin-mineral intake through the supplements were much greater than RDA and ranges of their intakes were very wide. Vitamin B1 and vitamin E were observed to consume excessive amount(63 times of RDA and 40 times of RDA, respectively). The reasons for supplementation were often inappropriate and unreliable sources of information were used. Thus nutritional understanding and education of the elderly peopled are needed in regard to the use of vitamin-mineral supplements, and the relationship between adequate diet and good health.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartC
• /
• v.9C no.3
• /
• pp.351-358
• /
• 2002

Recently, personal business styles have been rapidly changed into e-business due to the rapid progress and deployment of Internet. As a result of the change, new and safe ways of payment such as electronic wallet, electronic money and electronic check have been developed and introduced. In this paper a secure and user-friendly payment method is addressed. One of most important reasons why newly developed safe payment methods are not widely used in e-business is lack of convenience for the users. On the other hand credit card based payment, which is traditional one, is the most prevailing due to the user-friendliness. However this payment also has some problem in sense of security. In this paper, we design and implement a secure credit card-based payment system using one-time credit information. The main features are "payment information must be new", "can use the old credit system", and "do not require client software".

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
• /
• v.75 no.5
• /
• pp.633-642
• /
• 2020

Artificial neural networks (ANNs) are known as intelligent methods for modeling the behavior of physical phenomena because of it is a soft computing technique and takes data samples rather than entire data sets to arrive at solutions, which saves both time and money. ANN is successfully used in the civil engineering applications which are suitable examining the complicated relations between variables. Functionally graded materials (FGMs) are advanced composites that successfully used in various engineering design. The FGMs are nonhomogeneous materials and made of two different type of materials. In the present study, the bending analysis of functionally graded material (FGM) beams presents on theoretical based on combination of mixed-finite element method, Gâteaux differential and Timoshenko beam theory. The main idea in this study is to build a model using ANN with four parameters that are: Young's modulus ratio (E_t/E_b), a shear correction factor (k_s), power-law exponent (n) and length to thickness ratio (L/h). The output data is the maximum displacement (w). In the experiments: 252 different data are used. The proposed ANN model is evaluated by the correlation of the coefficient (R), MAE and MSE statistical methods. The ANN model is very good and the maximum displacement can be predicted in ANN without attempting any experiments.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Aviation and Aeronautics
• /
• v.28 no.4
• /
• pp.171-175
• /
• 2020

The present and future cities are expanding, and the noise and environmental pollution in cities are getting worse day by day, causing saturation of road and subway traffic. As a result, citizens are spending a great deal of time and money. The use of the sky as a measure to solve this problem has become a reality. However, airplanes that require airstrips and noisy helicopters are difficult to use in cities. As a solution, PAVs and UAMs that generate low noise and enable vertical takeoff and landing using electric energy, motor, hybrid, and hydrogen energy, are attracting attention, with its practicality being promoted in many countries. The development of urban environment and technology has led to the emergence of Personal Air Vehicle (PAV), Vertical Takeoff and Landing (eVTOL), and Urban Air Mobility (UAM) for shipping. Though currently at the level of testing, general commercialization of these air transport means is expected in the next five to fifteen years. This study suggests a plan on the application of human factors to the introduction of PAV and UAM.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information Security & Cryptology
• /
• v.11 no.3
• /
• pp.33-44
• /
• 2001

E-commerce has various advantages such as saving the cost and no constraint on time and space, unlike real-world commerce. On the other hand, e-commerce has some important issues to solve since the commerce is conducted on the cyberspace. The issues are a mutual confidence of parties participating in the commerce as well as a method of payments. On early days, electronic cash was designed using blind digital signature to protect the personal information from being exposed and to provide the perfect anonymity for user. In this paper, a new blind signature scheme based on Feige-Fiat-Shamir digital signature is proposed, which is very efficient compared with the other schemes in terms of the computational complexity. Also, a traceable Electronic Cash System which is based on the proposed blind digital signature is designed, which has a nice feature of identifying the spender in case of using the money illegally.