• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.65-83
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• 1979

Low-temperature drying systems have been extensively used for drying cereal grain such as shelled corn and wheat. Since the 1973 energy crisis, many researches have been conducted to apply solar energy as supplemental heat to natural air drying systems. However, little research on rough rice drying has been done in this area, especially very little in Korea. In designing a solar drying system, quality loss, airflow requirements, temperature rise of drying air, fan power and energy requirements should be throughly studied. The factors affecting solar drying systems are airflow rate, initial moisture content, the amount of heat added to drying air, fan operation method and the weather conditions. The major objectives of this study were to analyze the effects of the performance factors and determine design parameters such as airflow requirements, optimum bed depth, optimum temperature rise of drying air, fan operation method and collector size. Three hourly observations based on the 4-year weather data in Chuncheon area were used to simulate rough rice drying. The results can be summarized as follows: 1. The results of the statistical analysis indicated that the experimental and predicted values of the temperature rise of the air passing through the collector agreed well. 2. Equilibrium moisture content was affected a little by airflow rate, but affected mainly by the amount of heat added, to drying air. Equilibrium moisture content ranged from 12.2 to 13.2 percent wet basis for the continuous fan operation, from 10.4 to 11.7 percent wet basis for the intermittent fan operation respectively, in range of 1. 6 to 5. 9 degrees Centigrade average temperature rise of drying air. 3. Average moisture content when top layer was dried to 15 percent wet basis ranged from 13.1 to 13.9 percent wet basis for the continuous fan operation, from 11.9 to 13.4 percent wet basis for the intermittent fan operation respectively, in the range of 1.6 to 5.9 degrees Centigrade average temperature rise of drying air and 18 to 24 percent wet basis initial moisture content. The results indicated that grain was overdried with the intermittent fan operation in any range of temperature rise of drying air. Therefore, the continuous fan operation is usually more effective than the intermittent fan operation considering the overdrying. 4. For the continuous fan operation, the average temperature rise of drying air may be limited to 2.2 to 3. 3 degrees Centigrade considering safe storage moisture level of 13.5 to 14 perceut wet basis. 5. Required drying time decrease ranged from 40 to 50 percent each time the airflow rate was doubled and from 3.9 to 4.3 percent approximately for each one degrees Centigrade in average temperature rise of drying air regardless of the fan operation methods. Therefore, the average temperature rise of drying air had a little effect on required drying time. 6. Required drying time increase ranged from 18 to 30 percent approximately for each 2 percent increase in initial moisture content regardless of the fan operation methods, in the range of 18 to 24 percent moisture. 7. The intermittent fan operation showed about 36 to 42 percent decrease in required drying time as compared with the continuous fan operation. 8. Drymatter loss decrease ranged from 34 to 46 percent each time the airflow rate was doubled and from 2 to 3 percent approximately for each one degrees Centigrade in average temperature rise of drying air, regardless of the fan operation methods. Therefore, the average temperature rise of drying air had a little effect on drymatter loss. 9. Drymatter loss increase ranged from 50 to 78 percent approximately for each 2 percent increase in initial moisture content, in the range of 18 to 24 percent moisture. 10. The intermittent fan operation: showed about 40 to 50 percent increase in drymatter loss as compared with the continuous fan operation and the increasing rate was higher at high level of initial moisture and average temperature rise. 11. Year-to-year weather conditions had a little effect on required drying time and drymatter loss. 12. The equations for estimating time required to dry top layer to 16 and 1536 wet basis and drymatter loss were derived as functions of the performance factors. by the least square method. 13. Minimum airflow rates based on 0.5 percent drymatter loss were estimated. Minimum airflow rates for the intermittent fan operation were approximately 1.5 to 1.8 times as much as compared with the continuous fan operation, but a few differences among year-to-year. 14. Required fan horsepower and energy for the intermittent fan operation were 3. 7 and 1. 5 times respectively as much as compared with the continuous fan operation. 15. The continuous fan operation may be more effective than the intermittent fan operation considering overdrying, fan horsepower requirements, and energy use. 16. A method for estimating the required collection area of flat-plate solar collector using average temperature rise and airflow rate was presented.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.64-64
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• 1979

Low-temperature drying systems have been extensively used for drying cereal grain such as shelled corn and wheat. Since the 1973 energy crisis, many researches have been conducted to apply solar energy as supplemental heat to natural air drying systems. However, little research on rough rice drying has been done in this area, especially very little in Korea. In designing a solar drying system, quality loss, airflow requirements, temperature rise of drying air, fan power and energy requirements should be throughly studied. The factors affecting solar drying systems are airflow rate, initial moisture content, the amount of heat added to drying air, fan operation method and the weather conditions. The major objectives of this study were to analyze the effects of the performance factors and determine design parameters such as airflow requirements, optimum bed depth, optimum temperature rise of drying air, fan operation method and collector size. Three hourly observations based on the 4-year weather data in Chuncheon area were used to simulate rough rice drying. The results can be summarized as follows: 1. The results of the statistical analysis indicated that the experimental and predicted values of the temperature rise of the air passing through the collector agreed well.2. Equilibrium moisture content was affected a little by airflow rate, but affected mainly by the amount of heat added, to drying air. Equilibrium moisture content ranged from 12.2 to 13.2 percent wet basis for the continuous fan operation, from 10.4 to 11.7 percent wet basis for the intermittent fan operation respectively, in range of 1. 6 to 5. 9 degrees Centigrade average temperature rise of drying air.3. Average moisture content when top layer was dried to 15 percent wet basis ranged from 13.1 to 13.9 percent wet basis for the continuous fan operation, from 11.9 to 13.4 percent wet basis for the intermittent fan operation respectively, in the range of 1.6 to 5.9 degrees Centigrade average temperature rise of drying air and 18 to 24 percent wet basis initial moisture content. The results indicated that grain was overdried with the intermittent fan operation in any range of temperature rise of drying air. Therefore, the continuous fan operation is usually more effective than the intermittent fan operation considering the overdrying.4. For the continuous fan operation, the average temperature rise of drying air may be limited to 2.2 to 3. 3 degrees Centigrade considering safe storage moisture level of 13.5 to 14 perceut wet basis.5. Required drying time decrease ranged from 40 to 50 percent each time the airflow rate was doubled and from 3.9 to 4.3 percent approximately for each one degrees Centigrade in average temperature rise of drying air regardless of the fan operation methods. Therefore, the average temperature rise of drying air had a little effect on required drying time.6. Required drying time increase ranged from 18 to 30 percent approximately for each 2 percent increase in initial moisture content regardless of the fan operation methods, in the range of 18 to 24 percent moisture.7. The intermittent fan operation showed about 36 to 42 percent decrease in required drying time as compared with the continuous fan operation.8. Drymatter loss decrease ranged from 34 to 46 percent each time the airflow rate was doubled and from 2 to 3 percent approximately for each one degrees Centigrade in average temperature rise of drying air, regardless of the fan operation methods. Therefore, the average temperature rise of drying air had a little effect on drymatter loss. 9. Drymatter loss increase ranged from 50 to 78 percent approximately for each 2 percent increase in initial moisture content, in the range of 18 to 24 percent moisture. 10. The intermittent fan operation: showed about 40 to 50 percent increase in drymatter loss as compared with the continuous fan operation and the increasing rate was higher at high level of initial moisture and average temperature rise.11. Year-to-year weather conditions had a little effect on required drying time and drymatter loss.12. The equations for estimating time required to dry top layer to 16 and 1536 wet basis and drymatter loss were derived as functions of the performance factors. by the least square method.13. Minimum airflow rates based on 0.5 percent drymatter loss were estimated.Minimum airflow rates for the intermittent fan operation were approximately 1.5 to 1.8 times as much as compared with the continuous fan operation, but a few differences among year-to-year.14. Required fan horsepower and energy for the intermittent fan operation were3. 7 and 1. 5 times respectively as much as compared with the continuous fan operation.15. The continuous fan operation may be more effective than the intermittent fan operation considering overdrying, fan horsepower requirements, and energy use.16. A method for estimating the required collection area of flat-plate solar collector using average temperature rise and airflow rate was presented.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.420-424
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• 2009

Since the sesame pod gets open gradually from the lower to upper parts of the stem due to its different maturity during cutting and binding of sesame, at the conventional work for shattering, the procedures of drying and shattering are repeated two or three times. Therefore, in this study, a drying stand with transparent plastic cover was developed to complete the drying and shattering at the same time. Owing to the developed drying stand, simple drying work, the area for drying was reduced prevention of sesame seeds from loss and rain are available. The performance of developed drying stand was evaluated. Before the drying stand was developed, the conventional method and shattering machine for shattering sesame required at least three times of operation for complete shattering. But After drying stand was developed, the complete shattering works was possible with only one time shattering operation. Finally, the developed drying stand could prevent approximately 5% of the total sesame seed production from loss during drying and shattering works.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.588-594
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• 2001

The aim of this paper is to develop the low temperature vacuum dryer, with low initial investments and operating costs, easy operating method and trouble-free operation Usally operations just below atmospheric pressure, as with direct dryers, but some are built for vacuum operation with pressure as low 50 mmHg abs. The lowers the boiling point to $39^{\circ}C$ The experimental data of quantitative analysis for using practically were obtained by the constant drying rate period and reducing drying rate period according to the temperature of hot water which is the experimental parameters of present experiment. As the results, it took about 20 hours for material to reach about 18% of the final moisture content is order to store products for a long time about 450% of the early moisture content at the beginning of drying and maximum drying rate comes to about 0.30 kg/m2hr at about 350% of the moisture content.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.53-61
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• 2003

In this study a model for the drying process in paper production plants was developed based on the mass and heat balances around drying cycles. Relationships for the heat transfer coefficients between the web and the air as well as between the drying cylinder and the web were extracted from the closed-loop plant operation data. It was found that the heat transfer coefficients could be represented effectively in terms of moisture content, basis weight and reel velocity. The effectiveness of the proposed model was illustrated through numerical simulations. From the comparison with the operation data, the proposed model represents the paper plant being considered with sufficient accuracy.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.15-23
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• 1980

Natural-air drying systems have been extensively used for cereal grains, and many researches on the systems have been conducted in foreign countries. However, little research on drying rough rice with natural air has been done. Especially . little research on natural air drying of rough rice based on weather data has been done in Korean. The objective of this study was to present fundamental data for estimating optimum requirements and basic information available for natural air drying of rough rice based on the weather data . The weather data analyzed in this study were the 10-year (1969 to 1978) record of air temperatures, wet-bulb temperatures and relative humidities, which were three-hourly observations in Taegu area. The results of this study are summarized as follows ; 1 From the results of weather data analysis the average air temperature was about $14.8^\circ$and the average relative humidty 67.5% . Average equilibrium moisture content appeared to be 13.8 percent on wet basis, which showed great potential for natural air drying in Taegue area in October. 2. Possible fan operation time based on the equilibrium moisture content of 15% on wet basis was about 14 hours a day during October in Taegu area. Probabilities of possible drying days based on minimum time available for drying in a day were analyzed. 3. Minimum air flow requirements based on the worst year were determined for different fan operation methods and initial moisture contents.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.428-439
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• 1992

Drying process in a fixed bed red pepper dryer was modeled and simulated. Drying efficiency describing the effectiveness of energy usage in red pepper drying was defined as a ratio of energy used for moisture evaporation to total energy consumption, and expressed in combination of measurable temperature variables. The efficiency was compared with real evaporative efficiency and tested in the simulated and experimental drying. An overall drying efficiency was derived, and analyzed for various control variables consisting of drying temperature, air recycle ratio and air flow rate. Optimal operation conditions of drying was then searched by Box's complex method by using it as an objective function. Carotenoids retention was simulated and put as a constraint of product quality in the optimization. The optimization results gave that two staged drying operation could improve the ding efficiency compared with single staged drying. As a technique for further energy saving automatic termination of drying appeared feasible by monitoring an exit air temperature from dryer.

• Journal of Power System Engineering
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.23-28
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• 2010

Of the roughly four million known substances, about 60,000 are processed and sold ; many of these must be dried. Many materials are processed in the liquid state - ideal for mixing and reacting - but most products are needed or wanted as dry, or relatively dry, solids. Usually operation is just below atmospheric pressure, as with direct dryers, but some are built for vacuum operation with pressures as low as 26.66kPa abs.. In spite of the global-class aquiculture agriculture and fisheries technology of our country, the processing technologies are lags behind the other nations relatively. These problems are considered to be caused directly by the lack of drying technologies. This paper is concerned to the experimental results of drying heat transfer characteristics for the green energy type vacuum dryer for the high quality agriculture and fisheries production.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.427-434
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• 2000

In tradition, there have been two kinds of drying methods, which are sun drying and artificial drying. The sun drying method which has been adopted traditionally has been replaced by the hot-air drying method which is one of the most general methods of artificial drying, with its simple drying system, low initial cost of drying plant, and easy operating method. But the hot-air drying method has some defects; (1) much energy loss happens due to the discharge of hot air during the drying process, (2) control of drying rate is not easy on account of changing relative humidity of inlet air for uniform hot air temperature, (3) high temperature of foods in drying process brings about the production of low-grade drying products. Vacuum drying takes advantage of energy saving and mass production because it reduces the drying time by increasing the drying rate under low temperature condition. The aim of this paper is to develop the low temperature vacum dryer, with low initial investments and operating costs, easy operating method and trouble-free operation.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.3293-3301
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• 1974

An experimental work was conducted by using a laboratory-made model dryer to investigate the effect of the rate of natural forced-air on the drying rate of rough rice which was deposited in the deep-bed. The dryer consisted of 8 cylinderical containers with grain holding screen at their bottoms, each of which having 30cm in diameter and 15cm in height. The containers were sacked vertically with keeping them air-tight by using paper tape during dryer operation. Two separate layers of containers were operated in the same time to have two replications. The moisture contents of grains within each bins after predetermined period of dryer operation were determined indirectly by measuring the weight of the individual containers. The air-rates were maintained at 6 levels, or 5, 8, 10, 15, 18 and 20 millimenters of static head of water. The roomair conditions during dryer operation were maintained in the range of 10-l5$^{\circ}C$ in temperature and 40-60% in relative humidity. The results of the study are summarized as follows: 1. Drying characteristics of the grains in the bottom layers were approximately the same regardless of airdelivery rates, giving the average drying rate as about 0.35 percent per hour after 40-hour drying period, during which moisture content (w. b.) reduced from 24 percent to about 10 percent. 2. After about 40-hour drying period, the mean drying rates increased from 0.163 percent per hour to 0.263 percent per hour as air-flow rates increased from 5mm to 87.16mm of static head of water. In the same time, the moisture differences of grains between lower and upper layers varied from 12.7 percent at the air rate of 5mm of water head to 7.5 percent at the air-flow rate of 20mn of water head. Thus, the greater the air-flow rate was, the more overall improvement in drying performance was. Additionally, from the result of ineffectiveness of drying grain positioned at 70cm depth or above by the air rate of 5mm of static head of water it may be suggested in practical application that the height of grain deposit would be maintained adequately within the limits of air-rates that may be actually delivered. 3. Drying after layer-turning operation was continued for about 30 hours to test the effectiveness of reducing moisture differences in the thick layers. As a result of this layer-turning operation, moisture distribution through layers approached to narrow ranges, giving the moisture range as about 7 percent at air-flow rate of 5mm head of water, about 3 percent at 10mm head about 2 percent at 15mm head, and less than 1 percent at 20mm head. In addition, from the desirable results that drying rate was rapid in the lower layers and dully in the upper layers, layer-turning operation may be very effective in natural air drying with deep-layer grain deposit, especially when the forced air was kept in low rate. 4. Even though the high rate of air delivery is very desirable for deep-layer natural-air drying of rough rice, it can be happened that the required air delivery rate could not be attained because of limitation of power source available on farms. To give a guide line for the practical application, the power required to perform the drying with the specified air rate was analyzed for different sizes of drying bin and is given in Table (5). If a farmer selects a motor of which size is 1 or {{{{1 { 1} over {2 } }}}} H.P. and air-delivery rate which ranges from 8~10mm of head, the diameter of grain bin may be suggested to choose about 2.4m, also power tiller or other moderate size of prime motor may be recommended when the diameter of grain bin is about 5.0m or more for about 120cm grain deposit.