• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.34 no.1 s.132
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• pp.45-54
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• 2003

We have conducted to characterize the physico-chemical change and pharmacological transformation of traditional herbal medicines by means of processing. Processed Gardeniae Fructus was prepared by heating of fruit of Gardenia jasminoides(GF) for $30{\sim}50\;minute$ in the roster designed for herb processing. The contents of drying loss, water extract, diluted ethanol extract, ether extract and geniposide in non-processed GF and processed GF were examined. The contents of drying loss, water extract and geniposide in processed GF showed a decrease as compared with those of non-processed GF, however the contents of dilute ethanol and ether extract showed a increase as compared with those of non-processed GF. The rate of decrease/increase of those index were in proportion to heating time. And, biological activities of methanol extract of non-processed GF and processed GF were investigated. DPPH scavenging effects and inhibitory effect of xanthine oxidate and hemolysis of processed GF exhibited more effective than those of non-processed GF in vitro. Accelerating effect of large intestinal transport and purgative action of non- processed GF were discriminated by processing of GF. Methanol extracts of non-pro- cessed GF and processed GF showed the protective effects against the hepatotoxicity induced by ${\alpha}-naphthylisothiocyanate$ in rats. These results suggested that the transformation of biological activities of GF by means of processing may be due to the physico-chemical change of the constituents in GF by heating.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.188-194
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• 1997

Wet gel with surface modification by TMCS was redispersed in EtOH and redispersed silica sol for coat-ing was prepared. After spin coating of redispersed sol was conducted on silicon substrate, processes of drying(8$0^{\circ}C$) and heat treatment(>25$0^{\circ}C$) were, followed at ambient pressure. The influence of heat treat-ment of properties of film was observed, changing temperature at heat treatment. The optimum redisp-ersion condition for stable silica sol was wet gel:EtOH=1g:110$m\ell$ and the concentration and viscosity of redispersed silica sol with average particle size of 30nm were 0.11 M, 2.0-2.2 cP respectively. Crack-free thin film with the refractive index of 1.14 and thickness of 400 nm was obtained through drying at 8$0^{\circ}C$ and subsequent heat treatment at 45$0^{\circ}C$ for 2 hrs respectively after spin coating of 1500rpm, 10 times.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.159-167
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• 1992

It would be clear that the constituents of the leaf surface lipid is ye비 important as an evaluation index of tobacco leaf quality since the quality of tobacco specific aroma with leaf species depends on the contents of the lipid and the strength of the aroma is determined by the amounts of the lipid secreted. For the reason, a rapid and peproducible method to quantify DVT, which is a kind of lipid, has been studied. The biosynthesis procedure of DVT in leaf growing processes, and the volatile or decompositional characters of DVT in leaf drying processes were also discussed. In consequence, it might be possible to get the data available to the cultivation of better tobacco leaf and the manufacture of cigarettes with better aroma and taste. The results obtained from this study are as follows. 1. Chloroform/dichloromethane solvent was better than chloroform alone for DVT extraction. The extraction yields of the leaf surface lipid were about 5% 2. The extractives with dichloromethane were treated by silylation with BSTPa and the quantitative analysis of DVT was carried out using SE -54 fused silica capillary column. It was found that rapid and reproducible data could be obtained from these methods. 3. In flue - cured tobacco species, DVT contents were $30.3\mu\textrm{g}/cm^2$ in the beginning stage of leaf drying processes and $12.1\mu\textrm{g}/cm^2$ corresponded to 30% levels of the beginning stage, in the end stage. 4. DVT contents in Burley mere 2 times as large as those in fluecured tobacco. DVT in the upper stalk position of leaf was 3 times larger than that in the lower stalk position. 5. DVT of tobacco leaves was decomposed by $SO_2$ gas or the sun light. The decomposition rate was largest in the sample used methanol as a extraction solvent.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.39 no.10
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• pp.1476-1480
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• 2010

Physicochemical properties of flours prepared from sweet potatoes with different flesh color (white, yellow/orange and purple) were investigated. Sweet potatoes were soaked in solutions of antibrowning agents such as sodium metabisulfite and citric acid, and freeze or hot air-dried prior to grinding to produce sweet potato flours. Sweet potato flours with different flesh colors showed differences in chemical composition. Purplefleshed sweet potato flour had higher protein, ash, and dietary fiber contents that white and yellow/orangefleshed sweet potato flours. Average particle size of yellow/orange-fleshed sweet potato flour was higher than those of white/yellow or purple-fleshed sweet potato flour. Both water absorption index (WAI) and oil absorption capacity of flours prepared from sweet potatoes by hot-air drying were higher than those from sweet potatoes by freeze drying.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.33 no.11
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• pp.97-104
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• 2017

A bentonite mixing with local soil widely used as liner layer for landfill should have low permeability less than $1{\times}10^{-7}cm/s$. But there are several limitations of bentonite used as liner layer, such as drying shrinkage cracking, ineffective waterproof ability under salt water condition like flocculation under sea water. The purpose of this research is the development of a salt resistance bentonite by mixing sepiolite and guar gum to overcome the weak points of bentonite to get high water resistance capacity and permeability coefficient below $1{\times}10^{-7}cm/s$ under salt water condition. After having performed drying shrinkage cracking test, swelling index test, compaction test, and hydraulic conductivity test we confirmed the optimal mixing ratio of materials and evaluated the performance of materials.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.39 no.5
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• pp.494-499
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• 2007

The quality and functional properties of red ginseng in relation to steaming and drying conditions were evaluated. Fresh ginseng (5-year roots), cultivated in the Punggi region, were steamed for 2.5, 3.5, or 4.5 hr, and then dried by hot-air (60-$65^{\circ}C$/24 hr and $40^{\circ}C$,/3-4d) freezing ($-80^{\circ}C$/56 hr), and infrared (900 W/$62^{\circ}C$/68 hr). Hunter#s yellowness (b-value) and browning indexes (420 nm) of the samples were higher in the rootlets than in the main roots. Furthermore, these same index values were found to be high in the order of 3.5, 4.5, and 2.5 hr and infrared, hot-air, and freezing for steaming and subsequent drying, respectively. Analysis of soluble solids, total phenolics, total flavonoids, acidic polysaccharides, and electron donating abilities of the steamed and dried samples showed that 3.5hr of steaming with infrared drying was optimal. However, crude saponin contents were not influenced by steaming and drying conditions. The contents of $ginsenoside-Rg_l$, -Re, -Rf and $-Rb_2$, which were the major components in the samples, were reduced with steaming time, while the amounts of $-Rg_3$ and $-Rh_2$ increased, reaching the highest levels at 3.5 and 4.5 hr in the main roots and rootlets, respectively. The contents of $-Rg_3$ and $-Rh_2$ were similar in both the freeze-dried and hot-air dried samples.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.36 no.11
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• pp.1451-1457
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• 2007

The physical and chemical characteristics of powders from hot air and freeze dried leaves and roots of Acorous calamus L. were investigated. Two parts, upper and lower, of leaves, and two kinds of roots, 4 and 6 years old, were dried at 30 and $40^{\circ}C$, freeze-dried, and ground to make powder. Contents of moisture, ash, crude fat, and crude protein in freeze dried powder of upper leaf were 4.87%, 6.73%, 2.22%, and 3.57%, respectively. Water absorption index (WAI) and water solubility index (WSI) in freeze dried powder of lower and upper leaves were 8.476 and 0.077 g/mL. Contents of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll in freeze dried powder of upper leaves were 12.18, 16.86, and 29.11 mg/100 g, respectively. Contents of total and reducing sugar in freeze dried powder of 4 and 6 years roots were $111.89{\sim}119.21$ ppm and $5.02{\sim}5.22$ ppm, $109.92{\sim}114.65$ ppm and $5.21{\sim}5.32ppm$. Contents of total polyphenols and flavonoids in freeze dried powder of upper leaf were 125.02 and $21.02{\mu}g/mg$, respectively.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.591-597
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• 2015

In this study, extracts of chlorella using different extraction methods were compared for antioxidant activities and spray-dried chlorella powders were investigated for their physicochemical characteristics. The DPPH radical scavenging activity and superoxide radical scavenging activity of 50% ethanol extract were 29.19%, and 48.91%, respectively. The oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) of the 50% ethanol extract ($150.44{\mu}M/g$) was higher than those of other extracts. The total chlorophyll content of the 50% ethanol extract (542.89 mg/100 g) was higher than those of other extracts. The microencapsulation of the 50% ethanol extract was manufactured by spray-drying with 10 % maltodextrin (SD-C10), 20% maltodextrin (SD-C20), and 30% maltodextrin (SD-C30). The particle size of the freeze-dried powder ($454.47{\mu}m$) was higher than those of the spray-dried powders ($24.15{\sim}32.49{\mu}m$). Scanning electron microscope images showed that the spray-dried chlorella powders using SD-C10, SD-C20, and SD-C30 had an uniform particle distribution. The water absorption index and water solubility index (WSI) of powders were 0.31~0.45, and 96.96~98.28%, respectively. The spray-dried powders showed the stability in total chlorophyll content for 40 days storage. Based on these results, spray-dried chlorella powders could be used in various types of food processes.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.134-143
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• 2016

We evaluated the antioxidant properties of adzuki beans and the quality characteristics of sediment using various cultivation methods. There were significant differences in total polyphenol and flavonoid contents in beans grown using different methods of cultivation (p<0.05). Also, DPPH and ABTS radical-scavenging activities were significantly different depending on cultivation method (p<0.05). The sediment yield before drying of Chungju-pat, Hongeon, and Arari was 296.64~339.01, 271.36~282.24, and 268.21~292.32%, respectively, and the sediment yield after drying was 71.68~85.41, 77.90~85.19, and 74.15~78.65%, respectively. The L-value of Chungju-pat and Arari sediments revealed a significant difference given different cultivation methods (p<0.05), but Hongeon sediment did not show a significant difference. There was a significant difference in the a- and b-value of adzuki bean sediments cultivated using different methods (p<0.05). The particle size of Chungju-pat, Hongeon, and Arari sediments was 66.21~98.80, 61.62~97.07, and $82.96{\sim}106.71{\mu}m$, respectively, and all were significantly different depending on cultivation method (p<0.05). There were also significant differences in the water absorption index, water solubility index, and swelling power when different cultivation methods were used (p<0.05).

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.640-645
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• 1995

Job's-tears(Coix lachryma-jobi L. var. Ma-yuen Stapf) seeds were processed to flakes by soaking, heat treatment, intermediate-moisture drying, flaking, drying, and cooking. Some functional properties of job's-tears flakes subjected to varing degree of heating were characterized by specific volume, texture, water absorption index(WAI), water solubility index(WSI), and viscosity. As degree of gelitinization increased within the intermediate range of $60{\sim}70%$, steam-cooked Job's-tears demonstrated appropriate rheological properties for further processes, resulting in increased specific volume and decreased breaking strength. However, excessive heat treatment rendered Job's-tears undesirably sticky for flaking, which caused adverse effects on the functional properties of flakes such as specific volume and breaking strength. Increasing steaming time$(5{\sim}30\;min)$ caused an increase in WAI and WSI values. Apparent viscosity of powdered flakes was increased with the extent of gelitinization as a function of heat processing. Viscosity of powdered flakes determined using the amylograph increased with the degree of heating applied to Job's-tears at low pasting temperatures, accompanied by a decrease in maximum viscosity as the pasting temperature increased.