• Journal of the Semiconductor & Display Technology
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.23-29
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• 2020

Electrochromic (EC) device is an element whose transmittance is changed by electrical energy. Coloring and decoloring states can be easily controlled and thus used in buildings and automobiles for energy saving. There exist several types of EC devices; EC using electrolytes, polymer dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC), and suspended particle device (SPD) using polarized molecules. However, these devices involve solutions such as electrolytes and liquid crystals, limiting their applications in high temperature environments. In this study, we have studied all-solid-state EC device based on Tin(IV) oxide (SnO₂). A coloring phase is achieved when electrons are accumulated in the ultraviolet (UV)-treated SnO₂ layer, whereas a decoloring mode is obtained when electrons are empty there. The UV treatment of SnO₂ layer brings in a number of localized states in the bandgap, which traps electrons near the conduction band. The SnO₂-based EC device shows a transmittance of 70.7% in the decoloring mode and 41% in the coloring mode at a voltage of 2.5 V. We have achieved a transmittance change as large as 29.7% at the wavelength of 550 nm. It also exhibits fast and stable driving characteristics, which have been demonstrated by the cyclic experiments of coloration and decoloration. It has also showed the memory effects induced by the insulating layer of titanium dioxide (TiO₂) and silicone (Si).

• The Critical Review of Religion and Culture
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• no.25
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• pp.195-241
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• 2014

When the objective of a modern state focuses on securing basic human right of an individual and realizing public good in a state community, the direction of policy on religion of a state can not deviate far away from such objective. Meanwhile, the policy on religion of modern states today mostly takes the church and state separation principle as its basis. The states secure religious freedom and enforce the separation of church and state by differentiating religion and the mundane world and establishing the relation between the two. This study examined the church and state separation principle, which is an important system device of recent age nation-states, and explored the possibility of more active policy on religion. First, the relationship among religion, state and politics was examined from more structural and functional viewpoint. Next, how the separation of church and state principle has become recent age political principle and what was the settlement process of church and state separation in other countries are summarized. At last, the actual situation of church and state separation in Korea, the structural limitation of it and the direction of policy on religion are examined. The application experience of church and state separation principle is quite short in Korean society. In addition, when there is a religious issue, there is the trend of evading the issue unconditionally or responding to it passively. However, the religious culture in Korean society is one of the biggest cultural resources and social assets. Since it has big potential as driving force for the advance of state, it is regretful to leave religion alone as it is. Therefore, this study explored the original limitations of church and state separation principle which are limiting the religious policy of of state and searched for a theoretical basis for the utilization of resources in religious culture as driving force of state by overcoming the limitations. This study examined the situation in Korea by paying attention to how differently the church and state separation principle is being applied in other states, The separation of church and state, which is the basis of policy on religion in Korea, belongs to 'similar separation type' like in Japan; therefore, there is a trend of doctrinaire interpretation or arbitrary interpretation. This study suggests that it is required to overcome this limping state and settle down the church and state separation principle, which fits to Korean society, as a social and cultural practice. It is also suggested that more active policy on religion would be enforced by wider interpretation of church and state separation.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.97-110
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• 2003

The sight distance at unsignalized intersections is the one of the fundamental geometric design elements, and can ensure safety and efficient operations. Despite its importance, little research attention has been directed in Korea compared to developed countries such as European countries, the United States, and Japan. AASHTO ISD policies have been applied to the intersection design in Korea without any revise, which can produce unrealistic and unadoptable design values. Those values are emerged from several reasons because the AASHTO ISD has been calibrated based on the local data. Therefore the ISD hardly takes into account the local characteristics of Korea such as driving behavior. vehicular movement and roadway conditions. The objective of this study is to calculate the appropriate ISD values for unsignalized intersections in the urban area in Korea. In this study, we employed the ISD model of AASHTO(2001), which is based on gap acceptance theory and can account for and take the driving and roadway conditions in Korea into consideration. The approach can also consider the complex driving maneuvers at the intersections in a proper and simple manner. The results in this study show that the ISD design criteria currently used in Korea are more conservative(safer) than those of the USA. In other words, the ISD using field data collected in this study has generally smaller values than those in USA.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.91-104
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• 2021

This study explored users' emotional states identified from the wake-up words -"Hi, KIA!"- using a machine learning algorithm considering the user interface of passenger cars' voice. We targeted four emotional states, namely, excited, angry, desperate, and neutral, and created a total of 12 emotional scenarios in the context of car driving. Nine college students participated and recorded sentences as guided in the visualized scenario. The wake-up words were extracted from whole sentences, resulting in two data sets. We used the soundgen package and svmRadial method of caret package in open source-based R code to collect acoustic features of the recorded voices and performed machine learning-based analysis to determine the predictability of the modeled algorithm. We compared the accuracy of wake-up words (60.19%: 22%~81%) with that of whole sentences (41.51%) for all nine participants in relation to the four emotional categories. Accuracy and sensitivity performance of individual differences were noticeable, while the selected features were relatively constant. This study provides empirical evidence regarding the potential application of the wake-up words in the practice of emotion-driven user experience in communication between users and the artificial intelligence system.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2007.05b
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• pp.3464-3466
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• 2007

Power uprate is the process of increasing the maximum power level at which a commercial nuclear power plant may operate. Power uprate applications(113 units) for NPPs(Nuclear Power Plants) were recently approved in the United States. Utilities have been using power uprates since the 1970s as a way of increasing the power output of their nuclear plants. To increase the power output of a reactor, typically more highly enriched uranium fuel and/or more fresh fuel is used. This enables the reactor to produce more thermal energy and therefore more steam, driving a turbine generator to produce electricity. In this paper, the propriety of power uprate is explained through the review on the power uprate method and the changes of the physical parameters due to power uprate. The analysis results showed that the CDF(Core Damage Frequency) and LERF(Large Early Release Frequency) are affected in the current probabilistic safety assessment (PSA) model.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.479-487
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• 2014

Purpose: This study was a grounded theory research aimed at generating a substantive theory that accounts for the explanatory social processes in which immigrant Korean single-mother families were engaged in the United States. Methods: In-depth interviews were conducted with 15 immigrant Korean single mothers who were living with children under 18 years of age at the time of the interviews. Data collection guided by theoretical sampling and concurrent constant comparative analysis of the transcribed data was conducted to identify the core social process. Results: The emerged core social process was "living for the children," which represented the driving process by which these women made transition to their new lives as single-mother families. The major task throughout the entire transition was re-creating their families. The women's transition involved practical and psychological transitions. The practical transition involved three stages: assuring family survival, struggling between the father role and the mother role, and stabilizing. The psychological transition involved becoming strong and settling in with a new supportive network. Conclusion: Study results added to the literature by elaborating the women's emphasis on maternal identity and the resilience-provoking nature of the women's transitions.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.564-582
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• 2015

This paper proposes a novel swarm intelligence optimization method which integrates bacterial foraging optimization (BFO) with quantum computing, called quantum bacterial foraging optimization (QBFO) algorithm. In QBFO, a multi-qubit which can represent a linear superposition of states in search space probabilistically is used to represent a bacterium, so that the quantum bacteria representation has a better characteristic of population diversity. A quantum rotation gate is designed to simulate the chemotactic step for the sake of driving the bacteria toward better solutions. Several tests are conducted based on benchmark functions including multi-peak function to evaluate optimization performance of the proposed algorithm. Numerical results show that the proposed QBFO has more powerful properties in terms of convergence rate, stability and the ability of searching for the global optimal solution than the original BFO and quantum genetic algorithm. Furthermore, we examine the employment of our proposed QBFO for cognitive radio spectrum allocation. The results indicate that the proposed QBFO based spectrum allocation scheme achieves high efficiency of spectrum usage and improves the transmission performance of secondary users, as compared to color sensitive graph coloring algorithm and quantum genetic algorithm.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.247-254
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• 2020

The socio-cultural and economic changes following the Fourth Revolution are driving the growth of the food tech industry. Korea's food tech industry is still focused on delivery apps and the smart farms, robot market including artificial intelligence are in its infancy. In the United States, alternative meat companies are already included in unicorn companies, while Korea, the fourth largest importer of beef, lacks alternative meat development. France, Europe's largest agricultural country, is focusing on Agtech. China has developed the Internet and online e-commerce market with the world's number one population. Korea also needs to change regulations that focus on the past industry and various food tech industries should be developed through political and business-driven research and investment.

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.103-115
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• 2013

PURPOSES: The purpose of this study is to develop a method for distribution between superelevation and side friction factor by increasing design speed. METHODS: First of all, a method for distribution between superelevation and side friction factor and a theory for the functional formula of side friction factor in compliance with horizontal radius applied in South Korea and the United States are considered. Especially, design speed of 140km/h and numerical value of design elements are applied to the theory for the functional formula of side friction factor in AASHTO's methods. Also, the anxiety EEG upon running speed is measured to reflect ergonomic characteristics through field experiments at seven curve sections of the West Coast Freeway, and this data is applied to graph for the functional formula of side friction factor. RESULTS : Matching side friction factor against the anxiety EEG, the results that a critical points of driver's anxiety EEG sharply increase locate under existing parabola are figured out. CONCLUSIONS : Therefore, we could get a new type of the functional formula that driver's driving comfortability is guaranteed if the existing the functional formula of side friction factor goes down under boundary of the critical points of the anxiety EEG.

• Quality Improvement in Health Care
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.16-26
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• 2013

Health information technology (HIT) is one of the most familiar tools to healthcare providers. It is used in routine practice to reduce cost, to improve clinical performance, and to improve patient safety. Patient safety is the driving force of recent expansion of HIT industry. But there are many evidences that it can be harmful to patient safety. Role of HIT and HIT-related error became big issues because more and more healthcare providers and healthcare organizations are willing to adopt it. Adoption rate of HIT in Korea is higher than that of United States. But researches of HIT regarding patient safety are rare. In this article, types of HIT, their mechanisms of improving patient safety and HIT-related errors were reviewed. Status of HIT in terms of patient safety in Korea was also reviewed. Knowledge of how HIT can improve patient safety, its' limitation, and how to make it safer is crucial to whom have to use it to improve patient safety. Impact of HIT on patient safety must be evaluated actively in Korea. HIT which was proven to improve patient safety must be widely adopted. Government must prepare a strategic plan to improve HIT quality, support hospitals financially and institutionally to introduce qualified HIT, and develop HIT infrastructures and standard designed for patient safety.