• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.575-580
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• 2011

This study characterized water quality of groundwater and purified water used for drinking water in 30 schools in Gyeongsangbukdo Province. The results of the study showed that 43% of groundwater and 45% of purified water were not suitable for drinking. Among them, microbial contaminations were the most serious problem. In raw groundwater, the exceeding rates of total colony counts was the highest in August (53.6%). Purified water samples showed higher rate of exceeding drinking water standard for total colony counts while showing lower rate of exceeding drinking water standard for total coliforms and fecal coliforms in March and August. Overall, proper managements for microbial contaminations are required for both groundwater and purified water. Furthermore, special attention should toward students not to drink water when groundwater or purified water exceeds the drinking water quality standard.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.98-103
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• 2004

To evaluate the quality of drinking water and contamination sources in a rural community, this study was carried out on the summer of 2003 at Shin-Dong Myun, Chun-Cheon, Gang-Won province. Seventy three drinking water samples were collected from three different types of water supply systems. Sources of contamination were identified and the public perception of water quality area were evaluated. The findings of this study are as follows; Drinking water was mainly obtained from Local Water and Simple Piped Water Supply Systems, and pollution sources varied over the study area. Most of residents (＞63%) were satisfied with the quality of drinking water and could not identify any contamination sources. Corresponding to this perception, measured water quality parameters generally met the Drinking Water Quality Standards (＞64%). However, approximately 35.6% of samples exceeded the regulation for Nㅒ$_3$$^{-}$$_{-}$N, coliform, and general bacteria. The water quality was significantly different among the three water supply systems, and between the potentially contaminated areas and the rest of the areas (p＜0.05). In the potentially contaminated areas, the levels of coliform and general bacteria contamination were significantly higher than the rest of the areas (p＜0.05). The coliform and general bacteria values of Simple Piped Water were significantly higher than Own Piped Water＇s, and the NO$_3$$^{-}$$_{-}$N values of Own Piped Water were significantly higher than those of water＇s (p＜0.05). Based on this study, NO$_3$$^{-}$$_{-}$N, coliform, and general bacteria were identified as a major problem of drinking water. To regularly manage drinking water supply systems, to identify contamination sources, and to add drainage systems are required in the study area.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.675-682
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• 2010

Groundwater is an essential drinking water source in Gyungbuk, South Korea. The primary source of nitrate in groundwater is from nitrogen fertilizers. Efficient management of a small drinking water plant requires a good understanding of its status such as the objective and the cognition of users. The objective of this study is to understand user situation and produce useful user-friendly policy based on user cognition. Most people who participated in this study, should take their groundwater from a good quality source. Even though they would like to have a good facility for getting safe water, they were reluctant to do it due to the cost used. It means that people who drink groundwater have no idea that health safety is affected by groundwater quality. The volume used depended upon personal activities such as agriculture and stockbreeding. We can easily find groundwater with nitrate that exceeds drinking water standards. Therefore, we have to carry out groundwater management with two categories ; 1) drinking water only and 2) others according to objectives in small drinking water systems.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 1995

After oral administration of various drinking solutions, the initial absorption rate of water through gastrointestinal tract of the rabbits was evaluated using tritinated water $(^3H_2O)$ as a marker to develop the sports drinking beverage for Korean people. The polynomial curve fitting over 20 min was performed using computer program to obtain the initial absorption rate of water from the tangent line of the fitted equation because initial absorption rate of water was more critical compared to elimination rate during exercise. The amount of water absorbed was increased but a large variation was observed among testing preparations in a small study group $(2{\leq}n{\leq}6)$. The initial absorption rate of water from isotonic sports drinking beverages was statistically significant when compared to hypertonic cola but was not significant when compared to hypotonic solutions (potable water and barley water). In case of hypertonic sports dringking beverages (i.e. Takeda), initial absorption rate of water was not improved and efficient when compared to other isotonic sports dringking beverages. The initial absorption rate of water from prescribed isotonic sample solution containing electrolytes, carbohydrates, and vitamins was not statistically significant when compared to other isotonic drinking beverages but showed similar absorption profile. It was obvious that isotonic solutions simultaneously containing electrolytes, vitamins and carbohydrates (sugar and glucose) had a tendency to increase the initial absorption of water compared to hypotonic (potable water and barley water) and hypertonic preparations (orange juice and cola). Although statistical significance of initial absorption rate of water between isotonic sports drinking beverages and hypotonic potable and barley water was not observed, unlike the hypertonic solutions, isotonic sports drinking beverages may aid not only to replenish loss of water, electrolytes and other nutrients during the exercise but also to prevent dehydration and muscle fatigue, resulting in improved physical performance in an exhausted condition.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.665-672
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• 2008

It is necessary to implement the management plan for the production of safe and high quality drinking water from lake Paldang. To set up the plan, the water quality items such as BOD, T-P, SS and coliform were monitored for ten years, 1997~2006, and the influence of raw water quality on the drinking water treatment process and the treated water quality was also evaluated from 2004 to 2006. In conclusion, water quality items such as turbidity(SS), T-P(eutrophication), pathogens(fecal coliforms, enterovirus, reovirus, giardia, cryptosporidium), DOC(precursor of disinfection by-products), and micro-pollutants(phthalates, VOCs, heavy metals) are should be managed to get safe and high quality drinking water from lake Paldang.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.215-222
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• 2015

The objective of this research was to evaluate the growth performance, the apparent ileal digestibility of nitrogen and energy, the retention of nutrients and the apparent metabolizable energy corrected to zero nitrogen retention (AMEn) in broiler chickens supplemented with increasing doses of a worm leachate (WL) as a source of humic substances (HS) in the drinking water. In Exp. 1, 140 male broilers were penned individually and assigned to four WL levels (0%, 10%, 20%, and 30%) mixed in the drinking water from 21 to 49 days of age. Water was offered in plastic bottles tied to the cage. In Exp. 2, 600 male broilers from 21 to 49 days of age housed in floor pens were assigned to three levels of WL (0%, 10%, and 20%) mixed in the drinking water. The WL was mixed with tap water in plastic containers connected by plastic tubing to bell drinkers. The results of both experiments were subjected to analysis of variance and polynomial contrasts. In Exp. 1, the daily water consumption was similar among treatments but the consumption of humic, fulvic, and total humic acids increased linearly (p<0.01) as the WL increased in the drinking water. The feed conversion (p<0.01) and the ileal digestibility of energy, the excretion of dry matter and energy, the retention of dry matter, ash and nitrogen and the AMEn showed quadratic responses (p<0.05) relative to the WL levels in drinking water. In Exp. 2, the increasing level of WL in the drinking water had quadratic effects on the final body weight, daily weight gain and feed conversion ratio (p<0.05). The addition of WL as a source of HS in the drinking water had beneficial effects on the growth performance, ileal digestibility of energy, the retention of nutrients as well on the AMEn in broiler chickens; the best results were observed when the WL was mixed at levels of 20% to 30% in the drinking water.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.32-37
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• 2005

Under a typical Mediterranean environment in southern Australia, the evaporation rate increases significantly in hot summers, resulting in highly saline drinking water for grazing animals. Also in the cropping areas, dryland salinity is a problem. Grazing animals under these environments can ingest excessive amount of salt from feed, drinking water and soil, which can lead to a reduction in growth rate. To understand the impact of high salt intake on grazing deer, two experiments were conducted to assess the effect of salt levels in drinking water on feed intake and growth rate of red and fallow weaner deer. The results revealed that fallow deer did not show any abnormal behaviour or sickness when salt level in drinking water was increased from 0% to 2.5%. Feed intake was not affected until the salt content in water exceeded 1.5%. Body weight gain was not affected by 1.2% salt in drinking water, but was reduced as salt content in water increased. Compared with deer on fresh water, the feed intake of red deer on saline water was 11-13% lower when salt level in drinking water was 0.4-0.8%. An increase in salt level in water up to 1% resulted in about a 30% reduction in feed intake (p<0.01). Body weight gain was significantly (p=0.004) reduced when salt level reached 1.2%. The deer on 1% salt tended to have a higher (p=0.052) osmotic pressure in serum. The concentration of P, K, Mg and S in serum was affected when salt level in water was over 1.0%. The results suggested that the salt level in drinking water should be lower than 1.2% for fallow weaner deer and 0.8% for red weaner deer to avoid any reduction in feed intake. Deer farmers need to regularly test the salt levels in drinking water on their farms to ensure that the salt intake of grazing deer is not over the levels that deer can tolerate.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.18-23
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• 2019

Objectives: Although water is essential for life and can supply essential minerals, studies that evaluate calcium intake through drinking water are limited. The aim of this study was to assess calcium contents of natural mineral water (NMW) and its possible contribution to calcium intake in healthy adults. Methods: This study examined water consumption in 640 Korean adults with self-selected diet, analyzed the calcium content of 10 different brands of bottled NMWs sold in Korea, and assessed the amount of calcium intake from drinking water and its daily contribution to the recommended nutrient intake (RNI) of calcium. Results: Mean calcium content in 10 bottled NMWs was 20.9 mg/l. Daily water intakes from food composition database and calculated using energy intake based on 0.53 ml/kcal were 957.2 ml and 1109.8 ml for men and 848.3 ml and 951.6 ml for women, respectively, with a significant difference by gender (p<0.001). Daily drinking water intake was significantly higher among men than women (1203.9 ml vs. 1004.3 ml, respectively, p<0.001). Daily calcium intakes from foods were 564.0 mg for men and 534.2 mg for women. Daily possible calcium intakes from drinking bottled water were 25.2 mg for men and 21.0 mg for women (p<0.001). The contribution of daily calcium intake from drinking bottled water to RNI of calcium was 3.3% for men and 2.9% for women without significant difference. Conclusions: One half of the daily total water intake was consumed as drinking water, and possible calcium intake through drinking water was about 3% of RNI.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.143-151
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• 2008

As the NOAFL of copper based on liver toxicity in the human body is set and the TDI of copper is lower, it is necessary to strengthen the drinking water standard of copper according to toxic effects and the TDI of copper in humans. It is difficult to calculate the accurate drinking water standard because of the part of uncertainty for chronic effects of acute human with Wilson's disease and baby in the current studies. In order to improve the drinking water standard of copper considering of liver toxicity, it is desired to set the drinking water standard with concerning of the revising tendency in the foreign countries such as US, EC and WHO.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.103-109
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• 2015

The characteristics of drinking groundwater at west Gyeong-nam were analyzed by investigating 3,698 cases which were carried out from January 2008 to september 2013. 24.5% of the observed data exceeded the drinking water quality standards. Among the drinking water quality standards, 40 parameters were found to exceed. and most problematic were total coliform and HPC(Heterotrophic Plate Count). The unfit ratio of each region for drinking water were 23.1% at Geoje, 18.7% at Geochang, 28.5% at Goseong, 24.1% at Namhae, 32.8% at Sacheon, 20.5% at Sancheong, 36.9% at Uiryeong, 29.2% at Jinju, 40.9% at Tongyeong, 24.7% at Hadong, 20.6.% at Hamyang, 20.1% at Hapcheon. The result of correlation showed that rainfall and unfit ratio of HPC may be associated with the hydrologic durability and season. The coefficient of correlation between them was 0.304. During the summer, the coefficient of correlation was 0.699. But the significant correlation between total coliform and rainfall was not found.