• 대한인간공학회지
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.167-177
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• 2013

Objective: This study aims to compare the usefulness of subjective measures which are comprised of existing methods like NASA-TLX, Bedford-scale and ZEIS and newly developed method like DALI in measuring drivers' mental workload in terms of validity, sensitivity and diagnosticity. Background: Nowadays, with the development of intelligent vehicle and HMI, mental workload of driver has become more and more important. For this reason, the studies on drivers' mental workload about driving situation and the use of information technology equipment such as mobile phones and navigations were conducted intensively. However, the studies on measuring drivers' mental workload were rarely conducted. Moreover, most of studies on comparison of subjective measures were used with performance based measure. However, performance based measures can cause distraction effect with subjective measures. Method: Participants (N=19) were engaged in a driving simulation experiment in 2 driving contexts (downtown driving and highway driving context). The experiment has 2 sessions according to driving contexts. The level of difficulties by driving contexts were adjusted according to existence of intersections, traffic signs and signals, billboards and the number of doublings. Moreover, as criteria of concurrent validity and sensitivity, the EEG data were recorded before and during the sessions. Results: The results indicated that all subjective methods were correlates with EEG in high-way driving. On the contrary to this, in downtown driving, all subjective methods were not correlates with EEG. In terms of sensitivity, multi-dimensional scales (NASA-TLX, DALI) were the only ones to identify differences between high way and downtown driving. Finally, in terms of diagnosticity, DALI was the most suitable method for evaluating drivers' mental workload in driving context. Conclusion: The DALI as newly developed method dedicated to evaluate driver's mental workload was superior in terms of sensitivity and diagnosticity. However, researchers should consider the characteristics of each subjective method synthetically according to research objective by selecting the method in subjective measures. Application: The results of this study could be applied to the intelligent vehicle and next generation of HMI design to decrease mental workload of driver and for the development of new subjective method in vehicle domain.

• 한국주거학회논문집
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.13-22
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• 2010

This study has the purpose to reveal the differences of residents' using behaviors of living facilities at 3 complexes. The physical characteristics of the complexes have been investigated by a literature study and field survey. In addition, questionnaires were answered by residents on living facilities using behavior on community environment. The tools of analysis are frequency, percentage, and cross tabulation using SPSS WIN 12.0 program. Followings are the results of the study. 1) The developmental concept of 3 complexes maintained its initial identity. (1) The residence-oriented complex, having wider residential space, had better downtown access and more convenient facilities for daily life. (2) The residence-government mixed complex, constructed with an eco-friendly concept, had wider green and public service space and good downtown access but on the other hand, had less convenience facilities because of a short period from construction. (3) The residence-industry mixed complex, located in sub-urbanity and conceding more land for industries, had poor access to downtown but had more convenient facilities for workers' use. 2) The most frequently visited convenience facilities were shopping facilities, large or small, and banks, and activities were commonly done in the complex or adjacent area. This means it is recommended that the developer of the new complex locate convenience facilities in multi-core concentration types or street types rather than one-core concentration types.

• 한국농촌건축학회논문집
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.93-100
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to examine the change of inner roads responding to the street system and to examine the how to influence to communal space of village focused on 22 existing old settlements in downtown Cheong Ju. This study examined the types of inner roads based on advanced research. For the research on communal space, interviews with the residents living in the village were conducted to figure out the location and function of it. Also, it was analyzed comparatively with the present communal space. The results are as followings: the width of an inner road has a effect to function of an inner road when flow of an inner road has kept. The function of inner road has been kept when the width of an inner road expanded as pedestrians should be given priority to vehicular traffic. However, the function of inner roads has been changed and the community has been separated when the width of inner roads expanded for vehicular. Because the location of the communal space in the village is affected by the change of the inner road, when the inner road is maintained, the location of the communal space is also maintained, but when the inner road is changed, the location of the communal space is also changed. The communal spaces such as public wells and wash spaces have lost and they have been substituted with senior citizen centers or community centers.

• 농촌계획
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.145-154
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• 2015

With the rapid change of rural communities and increasing desire for social welfare, the demand for the quality of public spaces and facilities is increasing. However, inefficient location of rural public space and facility has caused problems such as economic inefficiency, inconvenient accessibility, environmental pollution, unsustainable energy use, and disturbance of visual landscape. This study aims to evaluate suitability of public spaces and facilities in three types of rural village: rural downtown village, rural clustered village, and individual village. As a way to measure the suitability of public spaces and facilities, we assessed indicators of suitability in terms of accessibility, usability, biophysical environment, and sustainable management. To evaluate the accessibility, we applied indicators such as distance from residential areas, public transit, market and public facilities. For the evaluation of biophysical environment, we applied indicators such as slope, elevation, aspect, and occurrence of natural disasters. We analyzed digital maps representing the indicators listed above using GIS. We also conducted a survey and face-to-face interviews to evaluate usability and sustainability of management which are not possible to understand through maps. As a result, we identified that suitability of public spaces and facilities in downtown villages is higher than clustered and individual villages. In particular, suitability of infrastructure facilities, social welfare facilities, and income generation facilities in downtown village are higher than those in clustered and individual villages. The suitability of tourism facilities is generally lower than other types of public facility across the three types of villages. Tourism facilities in clustered village have been identified especially unsuitable compared to other types of villages. We expect the outcome of the research is helpful to improve allocation of public spaces and facilities in rural villages.

• 한국경제지리학회지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.38-55
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• 2009

최근 선진국을 중심으로 로컬 커뮤니티 활성화에 관한 관심이 증폭되고 있다. 미국의 경우에는 커뮤니티 개발 조합 조직 체계 구축을 통한 로컬 커뮤니티 활성화가 활발히 진행되고 있다. 본 논문에서는 사회자본 및 공공-민간 파트너십 형성을 통한 로컬 커뮤니티 재활성화 또는 도심 재활성화의 성공 사례를 미국 필라델피아를 중심으로 분석하고자 하였다. 웨스트 필라델피아 및 유니버시티 시티 사례를 통해 로컬 커뮤니티 활성화를 위한 커뮤니티 개발 조합 참여주체 간의 성공적 파트너십 형성 및 네트워킹을 통한 성공적 지역사회 개발의 시사점을 도출하고자 하였다. 사례연구가 시사하는 한국에서의 정책적 실천적 함의로서는 로컬 스케일에서의 커뮤니티 활성화와 거버넌스로부터 시작되어 지역발전 및 국토균형개발로의 긍정적 파급효과를 기대하는 상향식 조직체계 구축 및 전략 수립이 요구된다는 것이다.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.233-244
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• 1997

In order to investigate the concentration of trace metals in human hairs from residents living in urban area and rural area, the 120 hair samples of adults were taken from urban areas(industrial area, bus terminal, downtown area) and rural area(Kasan-ri, Yeoju-up, Yeoju-goon) during July - September 1995. Mean concentrations of trace metals including lead and cadmium in human hair were compared by region, sex, presence of smoker, type of water, period of residence. The results were as follows; 1. The average concentrations of lead and cadmium in hairs of urban area are $0.92{\mu}g/g$ ($1.01{\mu}g/g$ industrial area, $1.01{\mu}g/g$ bus terminal, $0.74{\mu}g/g$ downtown area), $0.38{\mu}g/g$ ($0.54{\mu}g/g$ industrial area, $0.49{\mu}g/g$ bus terminal, $0.12{\mu}g/g$ downtown area). The mean concentrations of lead and cadmium in urban area are higher than the corresponding levels in the rural area. 2. Lead concentration for male in the urban and rural area is 0.94 and $0.62{\mu}g/g$, 0.90 and $0.60{\mu}g/g$ for female. But, It does not have any statistical significance. Cadmium concentration for male in the urban and rural area is 0.38 and $0.12{\mu}g/g$, 0.38 and $0.11{\mu}g/g$ for female. But It does not have any statistical significance. 3. Mean concentrations of lead and cadmium in smokers shows higher than non-smokers. It showed that the longer period of residence in urban area, the higher concentrations of three metals.

• 한국주거학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국주거학회 2009년 춘계학술발표대회 논문집
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• pp.84-87
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• 2009

This study aims to analyze characteristics of residents' housing life-style targeting Gatdui area and Daean area where the housing environment improvement project is carried out in the form of rehabilitation housing renewal program of old residence of the downtown area in Kyungju. This is in order to examine realistic problems of the method of residential improvement project, where residents' voluntary participation and preferences are low for low-income residents by seeking the methods of rehabilitation which correspond with the fundamental objective of the housing environment improvement project for low-income residents in urban areas. Based on the survey, we analyzed residents' satisfaction level with the current way of living and preferred ways of living and the planar pattern of houses in surveyed areas, and examined the housing environment improvement methods for residents living in the urban slam areas and perception of subjects. Survey analysis used statistics program SPSS14.0. As a result, of it, it was found that residents in surveyed areas were relatively satisfied with the current way of living but in the preferred housing life-style, they were demanding some change. This paper is significant in that it aims at change in paradigm of improvement of residential areas through renewal of urban deteriorated residence that characteristics of changing living space are compromised depending on living habitude left, and changing life style, and it proposes the directions of the housing environment improvement plan in the future.

• 한국주거학회논문집
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.55-64
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• 2015

This study is conducted to understand the social value of Nakwon building, which has been instilled in the architecture of the building, through an analysis of formative elements unique to the center. The architectural characteristics of Nakwon building have been formed over a long period of time in relation with its surroundings and social change. Before looking into the formation of the center, this study investigates the street network planning of downtown. The street network was planned to expand in a north-south direction in order to accommodate a future increase of traffic volume as a result of industrialization and a population increase in downtown. This was manifested in expanding Samilro Street which passes through the lower part of Nakwon building, as well as in forming the architecture of the center. That is, the center has formed a symbiotic relationship with its surrounding areas, sharing space with them. The interior of the center seems to have an independent form while keeping a relationship with its external format, but it is seeking change internally in response to external change. Interior space has been departmentalized over time since its initial establishment, and the internal traffic has also been subdivided accordingly. This is attributable to the fact that social change in the neighboring areas affected the formation of Nakwon building, and that in turn contributed to forming the unique characteristics of the building. Nakwon building is one of the deteriorated buildings in downtown Seoul. However, it was built out of social need to share space within the city, and it has been changed according to social need for the 'distribution of space within the building.

• 디자인융복합연구
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• 제12권6호
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• pp.159-175
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• 2013

최근 들어 원도심 지역의 재활성화에 대한 관심이 급증하고 있다. 인천시에서도 원도심 재생을 위한 여러 가지 계획을 추진 중에 있지만 급속한 도시화와 외곽지역의 개발이 도시공간을 확산을 시켰고, 이는 도심의 중심성을 약화시키고 침체와 쇠퇴를 초래하였다. 이러한 상황에서 세계적으로 창조도시에 대한 관심이 높아지면서 창조도시 프로젝트가 각국에서 이루어져 오고 있다. 국내에서도 이러한 추세에 발맞추어 창조도시를 표방한 도시개발사업이 시행되고 있다. 그러나 경제 논리만을 추구함으로 급성장한 도시는 그 정체성을 잃었다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 주민참여가 이루어지는 창조도시 발전에 중점을 두고자 하였다. 이에 본 연구는 창조도시와 주민참여 관련 문헌 및 이론, 관련 선행 연구를 고찰하고, 주민참여 중심의 창조도시 조성 방안을 도출하기 위해 먼저 주요 요소를 추출하여 분석의 틀을 설정하고, 이를 통해 주민참여 중심의 창조도시 조성 방안을 도출하였다. 나아가, 주민들의 설문조사를 통하여 인천시 원도심 재생을 위한 주민참여 중심의 창조도시 조성방안을 제안하고자 한다.

• 분석과학
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.246-254
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• 2015

무등산 탐방로 8개 지점과 도심 1개 지점에서 2013~2014년에 자연 기원 휘발성유기화합물질 (BVOCs)과 인위적인 휘발성유기화합물질 (AVOCs)의 분포특성을 GC-MSD를 사용하여 조사하였다. 자연기원 휘발성유기화합물인 테르펜 발생량은 편백숲인 PA 지점이 821 pptv으로 가장 높았고, WH 지점이 785 pptv, NZ 지점이 679 pptv, DJ 지점이 513 pptv, JB 지점이 476 pptv, SS 지점이 464 pptv 순으로 조사되었다. 테르펜은 지점별로 11~15 종이 검출되었는데, 5월에 PA 지점에서는 α-pinene이 20%로 가장 높고, coumarin, sabinene, phellandrene, myrcene, borneol, eucalyptol, β-pinene, cymene, δ-limonene, γ-terpinene, camphor, camphene, mentol 순이었다. 인위적인 휘발성유기화합물질(AVOCs)은 5~7월에 숲 8개 지점에서 0.74~2.52 ppbv 이었고, 도심(JW 지점)에서는 3.14 ppbv로 나타나 도심/산림 비율은 1.9~4.0로 도심지역이 높았다. JW 지점에서 벤젠과 톨루엔만 합한 농도는 평균 2.37 ppbv로 AVOCs 10항목 전체의 75%를 차지했다. 6월 중 AVOCs 종별 분포조사 결과, 숲인 DJ 지점에서 toluene이 44.1%로 가장 많았고, 도심인 JW 지점에서도 toluene이 53.1%로 가장 많았다. 또한, 숲에서 AVOCs와 BVOCs 농도의 상관성 분석 결과, 양의 상관계수가 0.328이나 유의인자(p)는 0.184로서 통계적으로 유의하지 않는 것으로 나타나 숲에서의 AVOCs는 도심에서 영향을 받은 것으로 추정된다.