• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.1771-1779
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• 2015

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Presently, targeted therapy via monoclonal antibodies to specific tumor-associated antigens is being continuously developed. Hep88 mAb has proven to exert tumoricidal effects on the HepG2 cell via a paraptosis-like morphology. To verify the pathway, we then demonstrated downstream up-regulation of caspase-3, caspase-8 and caspase-9, assessingmRNA expression by real-time PCR and associated enzyme activity by colorimetric assay. Active caspase-3 determination was also accomplished by flow cytometry. Active caspase-3 expression was increased by Hep88 mAb treatment in a dose-and time-dependent manner. All of the results indicated that Hep88 mAb induced programmed cell death in the HepG2 cell line from paraptosis-like to apoptosis by downstream induction of caspases. These conclusions imply that Hep88mAb might be a promising tool for the effective treatment of HCC in the future.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.70-77
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• 2015

This paper describes the experimental results obtained from various installation conditions of cascaded metal oxide varistor(MOV)-based SPDs with the objectives to analyze the coordination of the cascaded surge protective devices(SPDs) and to propose the proper selection and installation methods of the cascaded SPDs. The residual voltage, discharge current and energy sharing between the upstream and downstream SPDs in the $10/350{\mu}s$ direct lightning current wave were measured and discussed. The coordination of cascaded MOV-based SPDs is closely related to the varistor voltage and installation methods of SPDs. In cascaded SPDs without dedicated decoupling elements, the natural impedance of leads connecting two SPDs can act as a decoupler for the coordination of MOV-based SPDs. Even if the varistor voltage of the upstream SPD is higher than that of the downstream SPD at long distances between two SPDs, the energy coordination of cascaded SPDs could effectively be fulfilled in the conditions of large surge currents and the optimum voltage protection level can be achieved. Consequently, if the distance between voltage limiting type SPDs is long, the coordination of the cascaded SPDs should be determined by taking into account the decoupling effects due to the intrinsic inductance of leads connecting the upstream and downstream SPDs.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.34-43
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• 1991

The relationships between affinity of membranes and optimum operation conditions were investigated in the pervaporation of water(1)/ethanol(2) mixture through cellulose acetate(CA) membranes having more affinity to water and silicone rubber(SR) membranes having more affinity to ethanol. CA and SR membranes were prepared and amount of sorption, sorption selectivity, pervaporation separation factor and pervaporation rate in both of membranes were determined and compared. The effects of downstream pressure were analyzed using Thompson diagram and the sorption and pervaporation characteristics with composition of feed and operation temperature were examined in terms of affinity, activity coefficient, plasticizing effect and activation energy of individual species. In the separation of water through CA membranes, high performance of both pervaporation separation factor (water to ethanol, $[\alpha^2_1]_{PV}$) and pervaporation rate was obtained in the conditions of low downstream pressure, middle range of feed concentration and high temperature. In the separation of ethanol through SR membranes, pervaporation separation factor(ethanol to water, $[\alpha^2_1]_{PV}$) increased with downstream pressure and decreased with concentration of ethanol in feed and operation temperature, while pervaporation rate showed opposite trends to those of ($[\alpha^2_1]_{PV}$).

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.52 no.2
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• pp.115-123
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• 2019

The effects of the Froude numbers on turbulent flow patterns downstream of a non-submerged spur dike were investigated in a laboratory flume. Three-dimensional velocities and water depths were measured using Acoustic Doppler Velocimetry and distance sensors under three Froude number conditions ($Fr_d=0.31$, 0.38, and 0.46). The results show that there are marginal differences in the velocity fields downstream of a spur dike due to the change of the Froude number. However, an increase of the Froude number was found to reduce cross-sectional area in the flow and to increase the strength of the jet-like flow. The jet-like flow was observed to displace the location of the maximum turbulence kinetic energy within a cross section toward the inner bank in the transverse direction.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2023.05a
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• pp.177-177
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• 2023

The impacts of dams on transboundary flow are complex and challenging to project and manage, given the potential moderating influence of a broad range of anthropogenic and natural factors. This study presents a global meta-analysis of 168 studies that examines the effect magnitude of dams on downstream seasonal, annual flow, and hydrological extremes risk on 39 hotspot transboundary river basins. The study also evaluates the impact of 13 factors, such as climate, basin characteristics, dams' design and types, level of transboundary cooperation, and socioeconomic indicators, on the heterogeneity of outcomes. The findings reveal that moderators significantly influence the impact of dams on downstream flow, leading to considerable heterogeneity in outcomes. Transboundary cooperation emerges as the key factor that determines the severity of dams' effect on both dry and wet season's flows at a significance level of 0.01 to 0.05, respectively. Specifically, the presence of water-supply and irrigation dams has a significant (0.01) moderating effect on dry-season flow across basins with high transboundary cooperation. In contrast, for wet-season flow, the basin's vulnerability to climate extremes is associated with a large negative effect size. The various moderators have varying degrees of influence on the heterogeneity of outcomes, with the aridity index, population density, GDP, and risk level of hydro-political tension being the most significant factors for dry-season flow, and the risk level of hydro-political tension and basin vulnerability to climate extremes being the most significant for wet-season flow. The results suggest that transboundary cooperation is crucial for managing the impacts of dams on downstream flow, and that various other factors, such as climate, basin characteristics, and socioeconomic indicators, have significant moderating effects on the outcomes. Thus, context-specific approaches are necessary when predicting and managing the impacts of dams on transboundary flow.

• Korean Journal of Hydrosciences
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• v.1
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• pp.1-14
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• 1990

The analytical diffusion model is first formulated and its characteristics are critically reviewed. The flood events during the 1985-1986 flood seasons in the IHP Pyungchang Representative Basin are routed by this model and are compared with those routed by the kinematic wave model. The present model is proven to be an excellent means of taking the backwater effects due to lateral inflow or downstream river stage variations into consideration in channel routing of flood flows. It also requires much less effort and computing time at a desired station compared to any other reliable flood routing methods.

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2003.10b
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• pp.177.2-177.2
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• 2003

Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are a new class of compound that increase insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetic patients. Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) act as ligands for a member of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-$\gamma$ (PPAR-$\gamma$), which is highly expressed in fatty tissue and, moreover, has been shown to play an important role in fat cell differentiation. The strong interaction between the antidiabetic activity ofTZDs and their ability to activate PPAR-$\gamma$ suggests that PPAR-$\gamma$, through downstream-regulated genes, mediates the effects of TZDs. (omitted)

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.634-641
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• 2013

Condensing species behaviour downstream of a combustor was discussed with particle size distribution in this study. The effects of operating conditions in a biomass combustion facility, i.e. concentration of condensing species, temperature gradient, residence time and injection of adsorbents, on particle size distribution were investigated. Pyroligneous liquid which was completely vaporized at the temperature higher than $350^{\circ}C$ was used as a representative of condensing gaseous species. We found that particle size downstream of a combustor increased with increasing heating temperature (i.e. concentration of condensing species) and residence time. However, temperature gradient was not an important factor to control the particle size. The addition of $SiO_2$ precursor as an adsorbent could effectively prevent the particle formation by adsorbing condensing gaseous species on $SiO_2$ particles, and increased the particle size up to 300 nm, resulting in increasing particle removal efficiency in a conventional air pollution control device.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Visualization
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.14-19
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• 2017

Increase of blood viscosity significantly changes the flow resistance and wall shear stress which are related with cardiovascular diseases. For measurement of blood viscosity, microfluidic method has proposed by monitoring pressure between sample and reference flows in the downstream of a microchannel with two inlets. However, it is difficult to apply this method to unknown flow conditions. To measure blood viscosity under unknown flow conditions, a microfluidic method based on micro particle image velocimetry(PIV) is proposed in this study. Flow rate in the microchannel was estimated by assuming velocity profiles represent mean value along channel depth. To demonstrate the measurement accuracy of flow rate, the flow rates measured at the upstream and downstream of a T-shaped microchannel were compared with injection flow rate. The present results indicate that blood viscosity could be reasonably estimated according to shear rate by measuring the interfacial width and flow rate of blood flow. This method would be useful for understanding the effects of hemorheological features on the cardiovascular diseases.

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.221-227
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• 2008

This study identifies the relationship between traffic data quality obtained from loop detectors and their location. Traffic data basically shows traffic flow conditions and thus, these information can be used as inputs for various transportation management strategies. Out study presents how to determine optimal downstream detector location on merging area in order to enhance the effects of ramp metering strategies. Microscopic simulation model, PARAMICS, is used as the main analytical tool. Assuming that detector location relies heavily on traffic flow characteristics in each roadway segment, we perform statistical analysis to identify homogeneous traffic conditions on merging area.