• Toxicological Research
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.147-157
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• 2009

This study was conducted to obtain acute information of the oral dose toxicity of lyophilized water extract of Pinelliae Rhizoma, a dried tuber of Pinellia ternata (PR) in male and female mice. In order to calculated 50% lethal dose (LD$_{50}$) and approximate lethal dose (ALD), test material was once orally administered to male and female ICR mice at dose levels of 2000, 1000, 500, 250, 125 and 0 (vehicle control) ml/kg (body weight). The mortality and changes in body weight, clinical signs, gross observation, organ weight and histopathology of principle organs were monitored 14 days after treatment with PR extract. We could not find any mortalities, clinical signs, changes in the body and organ weights, gross and histopathological findings except for dose-dependent increases in the hepatic fatty change frequencies detected in PR extract 2000 and 1000mg/kg treated in both male and female mice. The results obtained in this study suggest that LD$_{50}$ and approximate LD in mice after single oral dose of PR extracts were considered over 2000 mg/kg in both and female male mice, but more than 1000mg/kg of PR extracts treatment could induce slight hepatotoxicity the fatty changes in mice.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.213-217
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• 2021

Background: Radiation exposure can occur as a result of occupational activities utilizing sources of radiation. The average level of occupational exposure is generally similar to the global average, but some workers receive more than this. In this study, the occupational exposure data for workers in Korea to check the recent trend of radiation exposure. Materials and Methods: The data collection and analysis are carried out by two separate periods based on the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) survey. One is the year 2003 to 2014 for a recent survey, and the other is 2015 to 2019. All available data were collected by annual reports from radiation dose registry organizations. Results and Discussion: The annual dose over the record level to the total workers did not change much compared with the total increasing number of workers in this period. The dose to the nuclear fuel cycle field has a tendency to decrease. It resulted from the efforts of radiation dose reduction with high technology introduced to this area. Also, it is important result that the radiation dose to the workers in radiography is remarkably reduced. Conclusion: The number of radiation workers and average doses were analyzed for occupational categories in Korea. It still needs cooperative efforts between the dose registry organizations for the efficient dose management of Korean radiation workers.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.424-430
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• 2007

The biological effects of low-dose radiation have been investigated and debated for more than a century, but its cellular effects and regulatory mechanisms remain poorly understood. This study shows the human cellular responses to low-dose radiation in CCD-18 Lu cells, which are derived from normal human lung fibroblasts. We examined a colony-forming assay for cell survival by ionizing radiation. Live cell counting and cell cycle analysis were measured for cell proliferation and cell cycle progression following low-dose irradiation. We examined Raf and Akt phosphorylation to determine the proliferation mechanism resulting from low-dose radiation. We also observed that p53 and p21 were related to cell cycle response. We found that 0.05 Gy of ionizing radiation enhanced cell proliferation and did not change the progression of the cell cycle. In addition, 0.05 Gy of ionizing radiation transiently activated Raf and Akt, but did not change phospho-p53, p53 and p21 in CCD-18 Lu cells. However, 2 Gy of ionizing radiation induced cell cycle arrest, phosphorylation of p53, and expression of p53 and p21. The phosphorylation of Raf and Akt proteins induced by 0.05 Gy of ionizing radiation was abolished by pre-treatment with an EGFR inhibitor, AG1478, or a PI3k inhibitor, LY294002. Cell proliferation stimulated by 0.05 Gy of ionizing radiation was blocked by the suppression of Raf and Akt phosphorylation with these inhibitors. These results suggest that 0.05 Gy of ionizing radiation stimulates cell proliferation through the transient activation of Raf and Akt in CCD-18 Lu cells.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.63-69
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• 2013

Comparing with film-screen system, flat-panel detector has extensive dynamic range. Focusing flat-panel detector, whole body human phantom PBU-50 (Kyoto, kagaku, Japan) was used to perform comparative study of the estimate of image quality and exposure dose. the exposure condition was 81kV and 20mAs, which is used for Abdomen supine exam in clinical area. As a result of the kV change of the interpreted medical image which has over 30dB of PSNR value, the value of DAP shows the difference of 19.6 times. Moreover, the result of comparing kV change with effective dose of ICRP 103 shows that stochastic effect was increased by over exposure. Therefore, it is significantly necessary that digital radiation technical chart will be used to obtain high quality image and make the standard of dose by educating radio-technologist continually.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.127-140
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• 1990

To evaluate effects of Pai Mo San (PMS) water extract on the plasma cortisol concentration and arterial blood $PCO_2,\;PO_2$ in the rabbit. The results obtained were as follows: 1. Intravenous administration of PMS water extract at the dose of 0.2 ml/kg remarkably increased plasma cortisol concentration from 1 to 2 hours. 2. Intravenous administration of PMS water extract at the dose of 0.4 ml/kg plasma cortisol concentration showed more significant increase than the control group after 1,2,4 hours. 3. No change observed in the arterial blood $PO_2$ after intravenous administration of PMS water extract at the dose of 0.2 ml/kg used. 4. No change observed in the arterial blood $PO_2$ after intravenous administration of PMS water extract at the dose of 0.4 ml/kg used. 5. Intravenous administration of PMS water extract at the dose of 0.2 ml/kg arterial blood $PCO_2$ showed more significant decreased than the control group after 1,3 hours. 6. Intravenous administration of PMS water extract at the dose of 0.4 ml/kg significantly decreased arterial blood $PCO_2$. These results suggest that the therapeutic action of Pai Mo San water extract for Yeol Su (熱嗽), Wha Su (火熱), Gu Su (久熱) and anti-asthma maybe related with the increase of plasma cortisol, decrease of $PCO_2$.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.599-605
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• 2021

The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 62494-1 has defined the exposure index (EI) that have a proportional relationship with the dose incident on the image receptor, and target exposure index (EI_T), deviation index (DI). In this study, an appropriate EI_T for skull radiography was established through the diagnostic reference level (DRL) and changes in DI were confirmed. Entrance surface dose (ESD) and EI were obtained using the computed radiography system displayed the EI as per IEC on console and skull phantom by experiment based on the national average exposure conditions announced in 2012 and 2019. And appropriate EI_T was established by applying the DRL in 2012 and 2019. As a results, the EI_T is changed according to the change in the DRL, and the exposure condition that becomes the ideal DI according to the change in the EI_T also has a difference of about 1.41 times. DRL is recommended to optimize the patient dose, however it is difficult to measure in real time at medical institutions whereas EI and DI are displayed on the console at the same time as exposure. When the EI_T is set based on the DRL and the DI is closed to an ideal value, it is useful as a patient dose management tool. Therefore, when the EI_T is periodically managed along with the revision of the DRLs, the patient dose can be optimized through the EI, EI_T and DI.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.298-306
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• 2023

Objectives: Cucumis sativus L. (C. sativus) is vegetable commonly used for managing blood pressure and often consumed in combination with standard antihypertensive therapy, despite lack of scientific evidence supporting their use. Combination of herbs and standard medication could have positive or negative effects. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the antihypertensive activity of C. sativus and the combined effect with losartan in the hypertensive rat model induced by angiotensin II. Angiotensin II is a component of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system that, upon binding to its receptor, constricts blood vessels leading to elevation of blood pressure. Methods: In an antihypertensive study, rats received C. sativus orally at doses of 9, 18, 27, and 36 mg/kg (full dose); while in a combination study, animals received losartan 2.25 mg/kg combined by either with C. sativus 9 or 18 mg/kg. The standards group received losartan 2.25 mg/kg or 4.5 mg/kg (full dose). Results: Blood pressure was measured using the tail-cuff method. C. sativus significantly attenuated angiotensin II-induced hypertension as observed in groups receiving C. sativus at 9, 18, 27, and 36 mg/kg at 30 minutes after induction showed the average change (Δ) of systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) with respect to time zero were 28.8/18.3, 24.8/15.8, 22.8/15.5, and 11.5/9.0 mmHg, respectively. Whereas the average change (Δ) of SBP and DBP in the rats receiving the combination of half doses of C. sativus and losartan were 8.8/9.0 mmHg, respectively. These diminished effects were better than a full dose of C. sativus and comparable with a full dose of losartan (6.5/7.8 mmHg). Conclusion: The present findings indicate that C. sativus dose-dependently blocks blood pressure elevation induced by angiotensin II. The combination of half dose of C. sativus and losartan has an additive effect in lowering blood pressure.

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.30 no.1_2
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• pp.17-25
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• 2018

Purpose : To compare the radiation doses of prostate cancer patients according to changes in abdominal body shape and energy during Volumetric modulated arc therapy(VMAT). Materials and Methods : Seven patients with prostate cancer were enrolled in this study. VMAT treatment plan was established at 6, 10, and 15 MV while changing from -2.0 cm to 2 cm by 0.5 cm. Conformal index(CI), homogeneous index(HI), $D_{max}$, $D_{95%}$, $D_{50%}$ and $D_{2%}$ of PTV were examined in order to evaluate the change of dose in the target organ according to body shape change. Normal organ of the femoral head, rectum and bladder was analyzed to evaluate dose changes. Results : The dose of $D_{max}$ 6 MV in PTV increased to 107.2 % in 1.0 cm body shape reduction, and 10 MV and 15 MV dose increased to 107.1 % and 107.0 % in 1.5 cm body reduction, respectively. The dose of $D_{50%}$ 6 MV in PTV decreased to 99.64 % in 1.0 cm body shape increase, and in 10 MV and 15 MV dose decreased to 99.79 % and 99.97 % in 1.5 cm body increase, respectively. In 2.0 cm body type increase, the dose was decreased to 99.30 % and 99.52 %, respectively. Doses for rectum and bladder gradually increased with decreasing weight, and dose decreased with decreasing weight. 6 MV, and $V_{70Gy}$ at 10 MV increased from 11.50 % to 12.76 % when the external shape decreased by 2.0 cm. The bladder $V_{70Gy}$ also increased from 14.0 % to 15.2 %. It was also shown that the dose increased as the body weight decreased in the femoral head. Conclusion : In the treatment of VMAT, dose distribution can be changed according to the change of abdominal shape. SSD and CBCT were used to decrease the body shape by more than 1cm or more than 1.0 cm at 6 MV and the body shape by more than 1.5 cm or more than 1.5 cm at 10 MV or 15 MV. It is considered that a new treatment plan should be established through re-simulation.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.9-17
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• 1999

This study was performed to evaluate the subacute toxicity of CJ-50002 (Vibrio Vaccine) in SPF Spraqur-Dawley (SD) rats. Vibrio vaccine was administered orally at a dose level of high (167mg/kg/day), medium (16.7mg/kg/day), and low (16.7mg/kg/day) once a day and repeated fro 4 weeks. Ten males and female rats were assigned to each group. After 4 week administration, no significant dose-dependent changes in body weight, water and food consumption rate or organ weight were noted dependent changes in body weight, water and food consumption rate or organ weight were noted among 4 groups. Urinanalysis, hematology, and serum chemistry, also fail to detect any dose-related change among 4 groups tested. During necropsy and histopathological examination, no specific toxicity related to treated material was found. The result of this study demonstrated that vibrio vaccine when administered orally for 4 weeks at a high dose of 167mg/kg/day, no dose-related toxicity was found in treated make and female rats.

• Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.60-71
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• 2009

Purpose: We assessed the absorbed dose to the tumor ($Dose_{tumor}$) by using pretreatment FDG-PET and whole-body (WB) planar images in repeated radioimmunotherapy (RIT) with $^{131}I$ rituximab for NHL. Materials and Methods: Patients with NHL (n=4) were administered a therapeutic dose of $^{131}I$ rituximab. Serial WB planar images alter RIT were acquired and overlaid to the coronal maximum intensity projection (MIP) PET image before RIT. On registered MIP PET and WB planar images, 2D-ROls were drawn on the region of tumor (n=7) and left medial thigh as background, and $Dose_{tumor}$ was calculated. The correlation between $Dose_{tumor}$ and the CT-based tumor volume change alter RIT was analyzed. The differences of $Dose_{tumor}$ and the tumor volume change according to the number of RIT were also assessed. Results: The values of absorbed dose were $397.7{\pm}646.2cGy$ ($53.0{\sim}2853.0cGy$). The values of CT-based tumor volume were $11.3{\pm}9.1\;cc$ ($2.9{\sim}34.2cc$), and the % changes of tumor volume before and alter RIT were $-29.8{\pm}44.3%$ ($-100.0%{\sim}+42.5%$), respectively. $Dose_{tumor}$ and the tumor volume change did not show the linear relationship (p>0.05). $Dose_{tumor}$ and the tumor volume change did not correlate with the number of repeated administration (p>0.05). Conclusion: We could determine the position and contour of viable tumor by MIP PET image. And, registration of PET and gamma camera images was possible to estimate the quantitative values of absorbed dose to tumor.