• The KIPS Transactions:PartB
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• v.9B no.4
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• pp.501-508
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• 2002

In this paper, we propose a content-based image retrieval using the color ratio and moment of object region. We acquire an optimal spatial information by the region splitting that utilizes horizontal-vertical projection and dominant color. It is based on hypothesis that an object locates in the center of image. We use color ratio and moment as feature informations. Those are extracted from the splitted regions and have the invariant property for various transformation, and besides, similarity measure utilizes a modified histogram intersection to acquire correlation information between bins in a color histogram. In experimental results, the proposed method shows more flexible and efficient performance than existing methods based on region splitting.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.18 no.3 s.39
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• pp.115-135
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• 1990

The purpose of this study was to suggest an improvement proposal for colors in urban environment with special regard to the surface color and their situations of apartment buildings in Seoul. For this goal, 167 cases of different color types of apartment buildings were surveyed. And, the survey was performed in the view of color by areas, by localtion, by builder, by paint year, by built year, by appearance of building, and by surface texture to prove the influencing factors on the surface colors. These collected data analyzed and compared with the existing studies to find out the changing trend of colors. The results are as follows : 1) The use of neutral gray($26.4{\%}$) and warm color(YR, Y, GY; 56.4%) were dominant and the usage trend of higher 'value'(87.4%) and lower 'saturation'(73.0%) was obvious. Especially, the use of PB and P was noticeable. 2) In comparing the existing studies, the changing trend in the surface color pattern was found. That is, neutral gray was used dominantly in 1970's, warm color(YR, Y)in the middle of 1980's. In the end of 1980's, warm color were also used dominantly same as before and GY, PB, P were used noticeably with some rising tendency of higher 'value' and lower 'saturation' was obvious. 3) The results of analysis by localtion shows that the different color groups might exist in Seoul city. Neutral gray and YR were dominant in zone I. Warm colors(YR, Y, GY)were prevailed in zone II, III, IV. In zone V, many colors were evenly used. In zone VI, middle values at warm color were dominant. Progressively, these color groups with further study could be considered in the color management in urban environment possibly. 4) Surface color of apartment buildings were different from their builders. 5) Concerned with the painted year, the use of higher 'value' and lower 'saturation' was increased gradually with the change of times. 6) the analysis by the built year revealed that the 'value' of surface colors on the old buildings was lower than that of the new ones. 7) The 'value' of colors on the surface with texture was higher than that of the surface without texture. 8) In the combination of two colors, the use of 'value' with difference at the same 'hue' was found harmonions in many cases, but the 'saturation' in usage was included in the ambiguity (Moon & Spencer's term). The ambiguity in color harmony should be improved in the near future.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers
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• v.52 no.8
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• pp.89-96
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• 2015

Human visual system has chromatic adaptation to determine the color of an object regardless of illumination, whereas digital camera records illumination and reflectance together, giving the color appearance of the scene varied under different illumination. NMFsc(nonnegative matrix factorization with sparseness constraint) was recently introduced to estimate original object color by using sparseness constraint. In NMFsc, low sparseness constraint is used to estimate illumination and high sparseness constraint is used to estimate reflectance. However, NMFsc has an illumination estimation error for images with large uniform area, which is considered as dominant chromaticity. To overcome the defects of NMFsc, illumination estimation via nonnegative matrix factorization with dominant chromaticity image is proposed. First, image is converted to chromaticity color space and analyzed by chromaticity histogram. Chromaticity histogram segments the original image into similar chromaticity images. A segmented region with the lowest standard deviation is determined as dominant chromaticity region. Next, dominant chromaticity is removed in the original image. Then, illumination estimation using nonnegative matrix factorization is performed on the image without dominant chromaticity. To evaluate the proposed method, experimental results are analyzed by average angular error in the real world dataset and it has shown that the proposed method with 5.5 average angular error achieve better illuminant estimation over the previous method with 5.7 average angular error.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SP
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.52-59
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• 2009

In general, methods based on histogram or a correction of gamma curve are usually utilized to enhance the contrast of captured image in the dark scene. These methods are efficient to enhance the contrast globally, however, they locally induced the low quality of image. Recently, to resolve the problem, the multi-scaled refiner algorithm improving the contrast with locally averaged lightness is proposed. However, estimating the locally averaged lightness, if there is the object with a high saturated color, the color distortion might be induced by the color of object. Thus, in this paper, the dominant chromaticity of image is estimated to correct the locally averaged lightness in multi-scaled retinex algorithm. Because the average chromaticity of image includes the chromaticity of illumination, the dominant chromaticity is estimated with dividing the average chromaticity of image by the estimated chromaticity of illumination from highlight region. In addition, to improve the lower chroma by multi-scaled retinex algorithm generally, the chroma was compensated preserving the hue in the CIELAB color space.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.984-994
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• 1995

The dimensional structure of impression formed of a female figure in specific attire was identified and significant influence of skirt length and suit color on impression formed of figures in suits were researched in the part I of this study. In part ll, the effect of identical elements of apparel design on impression formation of a female figure in dress and pants- blouse were studied. The experimental matirals consisted of two sets of stimuli and 7 point semantic differential response scale developed in part 1. Each set of stimuli was composed of 20 drawings representing female figures in each attire. Three independent variables, which were the length of bottom, color of dress or pants and collar type of blouse, were manipulated in each stimulus. The experiment was arranged by 3 factorial design, and the data were analyzed by 3-way ANOVA and by Multiple Classification Analysis. To summarize, in impression formation of figure in dress, the most dominant design element was identified as bottom length and the second most dominant one was color of dress. In contrast, in perception of figure in pants-blouse, the most important design element was color of pants and secondly important one was bottom length. The collar type of top didn't have critical effect on impression formation of figures in both type of attire.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.176-187
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• 2002

The aim of this research is to establish basic materials for fashion merchandising by observing the street fashion of the juveniles and by analyzing their wearing, coordination and fashion trend. We have taken the photograph of the street fashion of 202 male teenagers and 265 female teenagers in Busan, and analyzed in the category of style, item, color, pattern, materials, hair style, shoes and accessories. We have concluded that the most frequent items were shirts (male), turtle neck (female) and jeans. The main style was casual just as jumper-look, sweater-look, gardigan-look. The typical female fashions that were hip-hop-look, twin neat-look, trench coat-look, were more various than male. For the color coordination, contrast color coordination was more dominant than similarity color coordination. Dominant patterns were solid, and also check and stripe patterns were frequently found in upper garment. The representative materials were soft for upper garment, and hard for trousers. Male teenagers prefer middle-length hair style and female teenagers prefer long hair style. The juveniles in Busan are wearing sports shoes and leather shoes in similar frequency. Their favorite accessories are bag, muffler and hat.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.41 no.8
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• pp.159-178
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• 2003

The purpose of this research is to analyze the characteristics of colors and color images on fashion web sites, and to provide efficient color informatiom which is useful in color planning and is suitable for brand image on fashion web sites.216 color sample used by 48 fashion web sites were collected and analyzed. The results of this study are as follows; First, dominant colors on fashion web sites are neutral color such as white, gray, black and warm colors such as red, yellow red, yellow. Except blue, cool colors show low usage ratio. Second, the color tones of vivid, strong, light, dull, dark, dark grayish were shown in order. Third, the color images on fashion web sites are casual, modem, romantic, natural, elegant, chic, classic, dandy, pretty, clear, cool casual, dynamic, gorgeous, ethnic and formal.

• Proceeding of Spring/Autumn Annual Conference of KHA
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• 2008.04a
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• pp.183-186
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• 2008

A purpose of this study is to suggest color palette of outdoor environment of international students' dormitory in Yonsei university in order to improve the residents' satisfaction with the physical and mental factors. With the advent of the age of International and Global, more and more international students are coming to Korea studying Korean, so each university makes an effort to enhance the level of the university and establishing the internal boarding for the comfort of foreigners. This study draws problems of the color which lack to show internal boarding's identity and communicate with environment around the dorm both. The results of the study show, firstly, dominant color which is used on this project is based on Korean traditional color used in the International students' dormitory are harmonized with environment color and, next, accent color can reveal the identity of the dorm in Yonsei university.

• Journal of Broadcast Engineering
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.778-781
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• 2015

The paper presents a new way of visual descriptor for deformable object retrieval on the basis of partition based description. The proposed descriptor technology partitions a given object into boundary area and interior area and extracts a descriptor from each area. The final descriptor combines these descriptors. From a given image, deformable object is segmented. The center position of the deformable object is calculated. The object is partitioned into N × N blocks on the basis of the given center position. Blocks are classified as boundary area and interior area depending on the pixels in the block. The proposed descriptor consists of extracted MPEG-7 dominant descriptors from both the boundary and interior area. The performance of proposed method is tested on a database of 1,973 handbag images constructed with view point changes. ARR (Average Retrieval Rate) is used for the retrieval accuracy of the proposed algorithm, compared with MPEG-7 dominant color descriptor.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.8
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• pp.1178-1181
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• 2002

Records from a total of 202 crossbred pigs were classified by their ear type and coat color to examine the presence of interrelationships with growth performances. Crossbred pigs were F2 generations of full sib family out of ten Landrace sows bred by 5 Korean domestic boars. Heavily drooped ear type was predominant, 195 out of 202 pigs over the other two types (1 straight and 6 slightly drooped). Coat colors were classified as four categories, all white, all black, dominant white or dominant black. Ratio among coat color categories did not fall within Mendelian principle of independence regarding two loci involved. There was dependency between ear type and coat color. However, due to rarity of ear types other than heavy drooped, dependency comes from distribution of those rare ear types. Three least squares models to test the effect of ear type and coat colors on growth performances were analyzed. First model analyzed effects on birth weight, body weight at 3 and 6 weeks and ADG' before weaning and between 3 and 5 weeks of age. This model included sex in addition to ear type and coat color. Second model analyzed postweaning growth traits (initial weight, final weight and ADG between these periods) upon initiation of performance testing. This model included effects of sex, test group and start age (as a covariate) in addition. Third model was fit for fasted weight before slaughter and included the effects of sex, test group and age at slaughter (as a covariate). The effects of sex and ear type were not significant source of variation for all traits. Test group was a significant source of variation for all the postweaning traits. Effect of coat color was not significant until the initiation of performance testing and became significant then after. Least squares means of dominantly black pigs were significantly lower than the other three coat colored pigs in final weight around 195 days of age and in ADG from the start of performance test and final weight measure.