• Proceedings of the IEEK Conference
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• 2003.11c
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• pp.20-23
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• 2003

A reduced-state sequence estimation(RSSE) for trellis-coded (TC) 8PSK/cyclic prefixed single carrier(CPSC) with minimum mean-square error-liner equalization(MMSE-LE) on frequency-selective Rayleigh fading channels is proposed. The Viterbi algorithm (VA) is used to search for the best path through the reduced-state trellis combined equalization and TCM decoding. The symbol error probability of the proposed scheme is confirmed by computer simulation.

• Smart Media Journal
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• v.11 no.9
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• pp.9-20
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• 2022

Deep reinforcement learning(RL) is an end-to-end data-driven control method that is widely used in the autonomous driving domain. However, conventional RL approaches have difficulties in applying it to autonomous driving tasks due to problems such as inefficiency, instability, and uncertainty. These issues play an important role in the autonomous driving domain. Although recent studies have attempted to solve these problems, they are computationally expensive and rely on special assumptions. In this paper, we propose a new algorithm MCDT that considers inefficiency, instability, and uncertainty by introducing a method called uncertainty sequence modeling to autonomous driving domain. The sequence modeling method, which views reinforcement learning as a decision making generation problem to obtain high rewards, avoids the disadvantages of exiting studies and guarantees efficiency, stability and also considers safety by integrating uncertainty estimation techniques. The proposed method was tested in the OpenAI Gym CarRacing environment, and the experimental results show that the MCDT algorithm provides efficient, stable and safe performance compared to the existing reinforcement learning method.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.204-215
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• 2023

The thermolabile haemolysin (tlh) of Vibrio parahaemolyticus (Vptlh) from V. parahaemolyticus is a multiple-function enzyme, initially describes as a haemolytic factor activated by lecithin and phospholipase A2 enzymatic activity (Shinoda, 1991; Vazquez-Morado, 2021; Yanagase et al., 1970). Until now, the tlh structure has hypothesized including N-terminal and C-terminal domain, but what domain of the Vptlh structure does the haemolytic activity has not been refined yet. In this study, a 450-bp VpTLH nucleotide sequence of the entire Vptlh gene encoded the C-terminal domain cloned firstly to examine its responsibility in the activity of the Vptlh. The C-terminal domain fused with a 6-His-tag named the His-tag-VpC-terminal domain was expressed successfully in soluble form in the BL21 (DE3) PlysS cell. Remarkably, both expression and purification results confirmed a high agreement in the molecular weight of the His-tag-VpC-terminal domain was 47 kDa. This work showed the His-tag-VpC-terminal domain lysed the erythrocyte membranes in the blood agar and the phosphate buffered saline (0.9%) media without adding the lecithin substrate of the phospholipase enzyme. Haemolysis occurred at all tested diluted concentrations of His-tag-VpC-terminal domain (p < 0.05), providing evidence for the independent haemolytic activity of the His-tag-VpC-terminal domain. The content of 100 ㎍ of the His-tag-VpC-terminal domain brought the highest haemolytic activity of 80% compared to that in the three remaining contents. Significantly, the His-tag-VpC-terminal domain demonstrated not to involve the phospholipase activity in Luria-Bertani agar supplemented with 1% (vol/vol) egg yolk emulsion. All results proved the vital responsibility of the His-tag-VpC-terminal domain in causing the haemolytic activity without the required activation by the phospholipase enzyme. Raw extracts of Phellinus igniarus and Phellinus pipi at 10^-1 mg/mL inhibited the haemolytic activity of the His-tag-VpC-terminal domain from 67.7% to 87.42%, respectively. Hence applying the His-tag-VpC-terminal domain as a simple biological material to evaluate quickly potential derivatives against the Vptlh in vivo conditions will accessible and more advantageous than using the whole of the Vptlh.

• Kyungpook Mathematical Journal
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• v.55 no.4
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• pp.817-826
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• 2015

Let R be a commutative ring with total quotient ring K. Each monomorphic R-module endomorphism of a cyclic R-module is an isomorphism if and only if R has Krull dimension 0. Each monomorphic R-module endomorphism of R is an isomorphism if and only if R = K. We say that R has property (${\star}$) if for each nonzero element $a{\in}R$, each monomorphic R-module endomorphism of R/Ra is an isomorphism. If R has property (${\star}$), then each nonzero principal prime ideal of R is a maximal ideal, but the converse is false, even for integral domains of Krull dimension 2. An integral domain R has property (${\star}$) if and only if R has no R-sequence of length 2; the "if" assertion fails in general for non-domain rings R. Each treed domain has property (${\star}$), but the converse is false.

• ETRI Journal
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.622-625
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• 2010

In this letter, we assess the scalability of a path computation flooding (PCF) approach to compute optimal end-to-end inter-domain paths in a path computation element-based multi-domain network. PCF yields a drastically reduced network blocking probability compared to a blind per-domain path computation but introduces significant network control overhead and path computation complexity. In view of this, we introduce and compare an alternative low overhead PCF (LoPCF) solution. From the obtained results, LoPCF leads to similar blocking probabilities to PCF while exhibiting around 50% path computation complexity and network control overhead reduction.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.21 no.11
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• pp.1673-1679
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• 2008

In order to study the biological function of gapdh gene in yak, and prove whether the gapdh gene was a useful intra-reference gene that can be given an important role in molecular biology research of yak, the cDNA sequence encoding glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from yak was cloned by the RT-PCR method using gene specific PCR primers. The sequence results indicated that the cloned cDNA fragment (1,008 bp) contained a 1,002 bp open reading frame, encoding 333 amino acids (AAs) with a molecular mass of 35.753 kDa. The deduced amino acids sequence showed a high level of sequence identity to Bos Taurus (99.70%), Xenopus laevis (94.29%), Homo sapiens (97.01%), Mus musculus (97.90%) and Sus scrofa (98.20%). The expression of yak's gapdh gene in heart, spleen, kidney and brain tissues was also detected; the results showed that the gapdh gene was expressed in all these tissues. Further analysis of yak GAPDH amino acid sequence implied that it contained a complete glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase active site (ASCTTNCL) which ranged from 148 to 155 amino acid residues. It also contained two conserved domains, a NAD binding domain in its N-terminal and a complete catalytic domain of sugar transport in its C-terminal. The phylogenetic analysis showed that yak and Bos taurus were the closest species. The prediction of secondary structures indicated that GAPDH of yak had a similar secondary structure to other isolated GAPDH. The results of this study suggested that the gapdh gene of yak was similar to other species and could be used as the intra-reference to analyze the expression of other genes in yak.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.293-297
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• 2006

Angiotensin converting enzyme(ACE) is a zinc-containing dipeptidase widely distributed in mammalian tissues and is thought to play a significant role in blood pressure regulation by hydrolyzing angiotensin I to the potent vasoconstrictor, angiotensin II. Recently, the presence of ACE in pig ovary was reported and the ACE from pig kidney was isolated and characterized. However no nucleotide sequence of the ACE gene from pig is yet known. We report here the cloning of the ACE cDNA from pig kidney by using the reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. The complete amino acid sequence deduced from the cDNA contains 1309 residues with a molecular mass of 150 kDa, beginning with a signal peptide of 33 amino acids. Amino acid sequence analysis showed that pig kidney ACE is also probably anchored by a short transmembrane domain located near the C-terminus. This protein contains a tandem duplication of the two homologous amino acid peptidase domain. Each of these two domains bears a putative metal-binding site (His-Glu-Met-Gly-His) identified in mammalian somatic ACE. The alignment of pig ACE amino acid sequence with human, rabbit, and mouse reveals that both two domains have been highly conserved during evolution.

• KIPS Transactions on Software and Data Engineering
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.169-178
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• 2022

Morphemes are most primitive units in a language that lose their original meaning when segmented into smaller parts. In Korean, a sentence is a sequence of eojeols (words) separated by spaces. Each eojeol comprises one or more morphemes. Korean morphological analysis (KMA) is to divide eojeols in a given Korean sentence into morpheme units. It also includes assigning appropriate part-of-speech(POS) tags to the resulting morphemes. KMA is one of the most important tasks in Korean natural language processing (NLP). Improving the performance of KMA is closely related to increasing performance of Korean NLP tasks. Recent research on KMA has begun to adopt the approach of machine translation (MT) models. MT is to convert a sequence (sentence) of units of one domain into a sequence (sentence) of units of another domain. Neural machine translation (NMT) stands for the approaches of MT that exploit neural network models. From a perspective of MT, KMA is to transform an input sequence of units belonging to the eojeol domain into a sequence of units in the morpheme domain. In this paper, we propose a deep learning model for KMA. The backbone of our model is based on the BERT-fused model which was shown to achieve high performance on NMT. The BERT-fused model utilizes Transformer, a representative model employed by NMT, and BERT which is a language representation model that has enabled a significant advance in NLP. The experimental results show that our model achieves 98.24 F1-Score.

• Journal of the Korean Magnetic Resonance Society
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.105-116
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• 2010

SH3YL1, a novel protein containing one Src homology 3 domain at the carboxyl terminus was first detected in mouse anagen skin cDNA. This protein had a significant homology with YHRO 16c/Ysc 84, the yeast Src homology 3 domain-containing protein. The sequence identity was remarkable at the carboxyl and amino-terminal Src homology 3 domain, suggesting that the novel protein is a mouse homolog of the yeast protein and thus was termed as SH3YL1. SH3YL1 is composed of two domains, a DUF500 at N-termini and a SH3 domain at C-termini. In our study we cloned the SH3 domain in bacterial expression system in Escherichia coli using pET32a vector with TEV protease cleavage site and purified as a monomer using affinity chromatography. The N-terminal poly-Histidine tag was cleaved with TEV protease and target protein was used for backbone studies. Our study showed that SH3 domain primarily consists of $\beta$-sheet which is in consistence with previous result performed on the truncated SH3 domain of SH3YL1.

• BMB Reports
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.343-347
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• 2002

The human protein tyrosine kinase-6 (PTK6) polypeptide that is deduced from the cDNA sequence contains a Src homology (SH) 3 domain, SH2 domain, and catalytic domain of tyrosine kinase. We initiated biochemical and NMR characterization of PTK6 SH3 domain in order to correlate the structural role of the PTK6 using circular dichroism and heteronuclear NMR techniques. The circular dichroism data suggested that the secondary structural elements of the SH3 domain are mainly composed of $\beta$-sheet conformations. It is most stable when the pH is neutral based on the pH titration data. In addition, a number of cross peaks at the low-field area of the proton chemical shift of the NMR spectra indicated that the PTK6 SH3 domain retains a unique and folded conformation at the neutral pH condition. For other pH conditions, the SH3 domain became unstable and aggregated during NMR measurements, indicating that the structural stability is very sensitive to pH environments. Both the NMR and circular dichroism data indicate that the PTK6 SH3 domain experiences a conformational instability, even in an aqueous solution.