• KSBB Journal
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.271-277
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• 2014

In this study, crude extract of the seagrass Zostera japonica, and its solvent-partitioned fractions were evaluated for their antioxidant activity. The crude extract was successively fractionated into n-hexane, 85% aqueous methanol (85% aq.MeOH), n-butanol (n-BuOH), and water fractions by liquid-liquid partition. These include DPPH radical scavenging, hydroxyl radical scavenging in HT-1080 cells, peroxynitrite scavenging, and protective effect on DNA damage caused by hydroxyl radicals generated. In all assays, except for DPPH radical, 85% aq.MeOH and n-BuOH fraction showed the strong antioxidant activity. These results suggest that Z. japonica may be used as a potential source of natural antioxidants for the development of cosmetic product or functional food in the future.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.203-208
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• 2010

Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) is a useful tool in researches and in clinical medicine of lung diseases because the BAL fluid contains biochemical and cytological indicators of the cellular response to infection, drugs, or toxicants. However, the variability among laboratories regarding the technique and the processing of the BAL material limits clinical research. The aim of this study was to determine the suction frequency and lavage fraction number necessary to reduce the variability in lavage using male Sprague-Dawley rats. We compared the total cell number and protein level of each lavage fraction and concluded that more cells and protein can be obtained by repetitive lavage with a suction frequency of 2 or 3 than by lavage with a single suction. On the basis of total cell recovery, approximately 70% of cells were obtained from fractions 1~3. The first lavage fraction should be used for evaluation of protein concentration because fractions 2~5 of lavage fluid were diluted in manifolds. These observations were confirmed in bleomycin-induced inflamed lungs of rats. We further compared the BAL data from the whole lobes with data from the right lobes and concluded that BAL data of the right lobes represented data of the whole lobes. However, this conclusion can only be applied to general lung diseases. At the end, this study provides an insight into the technical or analytical problems of lavage study in vivo.

• Journal of the korean society of oceanography
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.80-89
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• 1998

Three cores were taken from the northwest Pacific Ocean (Shikoku Basin) to determine the accumulation rates of both biogenic and terrigeneous fractions since the last penultimate interglacial period. The sediment is characterized by large amounts of terrigenous materials with low biogenic fractions and intermittent volcanic-ash layers, suggesting a hemipelagic origin. Composition of major elements shows no significant differences among sites. Relatively small variation of TiO$_2$/Al$_2$O$_3$ ratios with respect to SiO$_2$ content is the strong evidence for the common origin of terrigenous materials. The fraction of biogenic carbonates varies from near 0% in ash layers to about 35%, with a gradual increase toward the south (St. 4 through St. 6 to St. 20). However, carbonate contents show step-wise increasing tendency from St. 4 through St. 6 to St. 20, which suggests a southward increase of carbonate production. The color reflectance indicates that the sediment of the southern sites contains relatively higher amounts of biogenic carbonates. The mass accumulation rate of terrigenous fractions during the glacial period was 2-3 times higher than that of interglacial period. This enhanced mass accumulation rate of terrigenous materials was concomitant with the high accumulation rate of biogenic fractions. The total sediment accumulation rate is considered as the most important factor controlling mass accumulation rates of the biogenic and terrigenous materials. The enhanced sediment accumulation during the glacial periods is interpreted as a consequence of climate-induced change in the supply of eolian dust from the Asian continent. Enhanced wind strength during the glacial time may have increased transportation of terrigenous materials to the ocean. Thus, variation of sediment accumulation is highly linked with climatic variations.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제95권5호
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• pp.511-515
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• 2006

From the EtOAc soluble fractions of Platanus orientals Linn leaves, (+)-catechin (1), (+)-epicatechin (2), (+)-gallocatechin (3), kaempferol (4), quercetin (5), kaempferol-3-O-${\alpha}$-L-rhamnopyranoside (6), quercetin-3-O-${\beta}$-D-glucopyranoside (7) and tyrosol (8) were isolated. The structures of the isolated compounds were characterized by NMR and MS spectrometers. The antioxidative activities of the isolated compounds and fractions were evaluated by DPPH free radical scavenging method and the results indicated that compounds 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and EtOAc soluble fraction exhibited greater activities than ${\alpha}$-tocopherol and BHT, while compounds 6, 8 and other fractions showed low activity compared to the controls.

• 생약학회지
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• 제48권3호
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• pp.208-212
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• 2017

In this study, analysis of active compounds that are believed to be highly relevant to antioxidant activity was carried out on the methanol extract and its solvent fractions of Corni fructus. The DPPH radical scavenging activity for the comparison of antioxidant activity was higher in order of aqueous fraction > methanol extract > ethyl acetate fraction > n-hexane fraction. It is similar to the order of total polyphenol contents in the samples. As a result of LC-MS analysis, phenolic acid compounds such as caffeic acid, gallic acid and chlorogenic acid and lognin, which is known as a representative active ingredient of Corni fructus, were identified as active compounds. And the antioxidative activity and the total polyphenol content of the extracts and solvent fractions were found to be related to the contents of the compounds. Particularly, it was confirmed that phenolic acid such as caffeic acid contributes to the antioxidative activity of the aqueous fraction of Corni fructus methanol extract.

• 생약학회지
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• 제48권1호
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• pp.46-50
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• 2017

This study was conducted to investigate the antioxidative activities and tyrosinase inhibition effects of fractions from the distilled water extract of Inonotus obliquus. Moreover, GC-MS based analysis with trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivatization was carried out for active compound in the extract of I. obliquus. In DPPH radical scavenging ability, $SC_{50}$ values of the ethyl acetate fraction was 0.393 mg/ml as a result of the most effective than other fractions. Meanwhile, aqueous fraction showed higher effect in tyrosinase inhibitoty activity. In GC-MS based analysis with TMS derivatization, 7 compounds including syringic acid, vanillic acid and protocatechuic acid were observed in ethyl acetate fraction, and oxalic acid is the main compound in aqueous fraction. As a result, it was confirmed that oxalic acid in aqueous fraction from the distilled water extract of I. obliquus was a compound showing tyrosinase inhibition effect.

• 한국수학사학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.101-112
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• 2002

Gu-Jang-San-Sul is a book of Chinese ancient mathematics and has had an impact on Korean mathematics. The book is organized into nine chapters and each chapter is composed of problems, answers, and their computation algorithms. The contents reflect the practicality of Chinese mathematics. Especially the first chapter covers the computation of fractions for land surveying. This paper suggests how the computation methodology is used in teaching fractions for primary school students. Five strategies for fractions related to the reduction, addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division are followed by: 1) developing the ability to apply rules to problems by practicing the computation process according to the given algorithm; 2) developing the communication skill by comparing the differences of various computation algorithms; 3) setting computation problems; 4) understanding the characteristics of terminology in mathematics; and 5) being exposed to new ideas in mathematics.

• 한국해양바이오학회지
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• 제2권3호
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• pp.174-186
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• 2007

Amphora coffeaeformis and Achnanthes longipes are commonly found as dominant benthic microalgae in Jeju coastal water throughout the year. In order to investigate pharmaceutical uses of these diatoms, each single species was isolated with micropipette under phase contrast microscope and subcultured with synthetic seawater media which was enriched with F/2 media, trace metal solution and $Na_2SiO_3$). Growth characteristics of these species were also determined with different combination of salinity, nutrients concentration and temperature. Thereafter, mass culture of each species was done based on the maximum growth condition. Biomass was collected after two weeks of mass culture and freeze dried for antioxidant study. The antioxidant properties of different fractions (n-hexane, chloroform and ethylacetate) obtained by solvent fractionation of 80% methanolic extract of two microalgae were investigated for free radical, reactive oxygen species scavenging (Super oxide, Hydrogen peroxide, Hydroxyl radical and Nitric oxide), metal chelating and lipid peroxidation inhibition activities. All fractions of A. longipes showed higher $DPPH^{\cdot}$ (free radical) scavenging activities (n-hexane: 89.0%, Chloroform: 76.0%, Ethylacetate: 66.0%, Methanol: 90.6% and aqueous residue: 63.0%). N-hexane fraction of A. longipes showed significantly higher activity (49.0%) on nitric-oxide. Ethylacetate fraction of A. longipes and aqueous residue of A. coffeaeformis exhibited 64.0% and 75.6% metal chelating activity which was higher than commercial antioxidants (${\alpha}$-tocopherol: 18.0% and BHT: 16.0%). The n-hexane fraction of A. coffeaeformis had 67.5% activity on $DPPH^{\cdot}$. Chloroform and n-hexane fractions of A. coffeaeformis exhibited 46.2% and 47.6% $H_2O_2$ scavenging effects which were closely similar to commercial antioxidants (${\alpha}$-tocopherol: 49.2% and BHT: 58.6%). Chloroform and ethylacetate fractions of A. longipes and fraction of n-hexane and chloroform of A. coffeaeformis showed better lipid peroxidation activities than ${\alpha}$-tocopherol. These data suggest that both organic and aqueous fractions have good antioxidative compounds with different antioxidant properties.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제50권6호
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• pp.671-679
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• 2018

퉁퉁마디는 식용 염생식물로서 이에 대한 유용 기능성 탐색 및 생리활성 평가에 대한 연구가 지속적으로 진행되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 퉁퉁마디 70% 메탄올 추출물을 극성에 따라 분획하여 얻은 Fr.H, Fr.E, Fr.EA, Fr.B 및 Fr.W의 5분획의 NO제거 및 iNOS 발현, 아라키돈산 대사에 관련된 효소 $cPLA_2$, COX-2, 5-LOX 등의 발현과 활성화에 대한 효과를 분석하여 항염작용과 메커니즘을 검토하였다. 이 중 Fr.EA가 가장 높은 폴리페놀 및 플라보노이드 성분 함량을 나타내었고 nitrite/아질산의 제거에 있어서도 가장 뛰어난 활성을 보였다. 하지만 LPS로 자극한 RAW264.7 큰포식세포 배양계에서는 Fr.E가 가장 우수한 NO 제거활성과 iNOS발현억제 활성을 나타내었고 이어 Fr.H와 Fr.EA의 활성 순을 나타냈다. Fr.E는 또한 LPS로 자극한 RAW264.7 배양 세포계에서 $cPLA_2$와 COX-2의 발현억제에 가장 큰 효과를 나타내었으며 이들의 억제를 위한 $IC_{50}$는 각각 33.4과 $27.9{\mu}g/mL$로 나타났다. Fr.E는 $cPLA_2$의 활성화에 중요한 영향을 미치는 ERK1/2의 인산화도 농도의존적으로 저해하였다. Fr.H와 Fr.EA도 $80{\mu}g/mL$ 이하 농도에서 iNOS와 아라키돈산 대사효소들의 발현을 농도의존적으로 억제하였다. 하지만 가장 극성 분획인 Fr.W는 모든 활성평가 시스템에서 거의 효과를 나타내지 않았다. 본 연구는 퉁퉁마디가 iNOS와 아라키돈산 대사효소계를 효과적으로 억제하여 항염증작용을 할 수 있다는 것을 보고하고 있으며, 특히 Fr.E와 Fr.H와 같은 소수성 분획들이 우수한 활성을 나타내어 향후 이를 타깃으로 하는 관련 기능성 소재로서의 활용이 기대된다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제50권5호
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• pp.549-554
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• 2018

본 연구에서는 일반 메밀과 쓴 메밀의 제분 분획 별(겉껍질, 겨, 가루) 에탄올 추출물의 항산화 성분 함량을 분석하고, 항산화 활성을 시험관과 세포 수준에서 확인하였다. 그 결과, 일반 메밀보다 쓴 메밀에서 총 폴리페놀 및 총 플라보노이드 함량이 월등히 높았으며, 항산화 물질로 주된 성분은 루틴으로 확인되었고, 에탄올 추출과정에서 루틴이 퀘세틴으로 일부 분해되는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 식용 부위인 가루 분획보다 겨 분획에서의 항산화 성분 함량이 높은 것으로 분석되어 겨 분획의 항산화 기능성 소재로 개발의 필요성을 제시하였다. 한편 시험관 및 세포수준에서 항산화 효과를 확인한 결과, 일반 메밀보다 쓴 메밀에서의 항산화 활성이 유의적으로 높았으며, 특히 쓴 메밀 겨 분획의 항산화력이 우수한 것으로 나타났다. 메밀 추출물을 산화스트레스 유발 전, 후 처리한 경우 모두에서 항산화 활성이 유사한 경향으로 나타나, 메밀 추출물의 산화스트레스 예방 및 치료 효과 가능성을 제시하였다.