• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.49 no.5
• /
• pp.480-488
• /
• 2016

Soil microbes are widely well known to play an important role for sustainable agriculture in terms of crop healthy cultivation and environmental conservation. In this context, the distributional characteristics of soil microbes according to cropping systems were investigated under rice (R)-rice (R), rice (R)-barley (B)-rice (R), and soybean (S)-barley (B)-soybean (S) cropping condition to get basic informations for sustainable agriculture, where barley was grown for winter, in mid-mountainous loam paddy located at the altitude of 285 m above sea level in Sangju area from 2014 to 2015. Estimating from microbial communities by fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) method, a total biomass of bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi in R-B-R plot was 37% and 40% higher than that in S-B-S and R-R plots, respectively (p < 0.05). In especial, bacteria and fungi were more in R-B-R plot than those in any other ones. B. japonicum, AMF, and mesophilic Bacillus sp. were also greater in S-B-S plot than those. In the community distribution, however, bacteria and actinomycetes showed comparatively high values in S-B-S plot relative to either R-R or R-B-R plot including rice, in which fungi outstanding. In the correlation between microbial biomass and soil properties changed by the cropping, bacteria was positively correlated with C:N ratio; actinomycetes with exchangeable Ca; fungi with available $P_2O_5$ (p < 0.05). While these microbes showed negative response to water stable aggregates of soil.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.48 no.4
• /
• pp.255-261
• /
• 2015

Soil catena can be characterized by some properties, such as drainage levels and soil textures. Characteristics of soil catena are different drainage levels from a summit to the direction of gravity and similar soil textures. Therefore this study was performed GIS (Geographic information system) and statistical analyses using perimeters from soil series in order to characterize quantitatively and objectively soil distributional properties in Korea. The total of 16 soil series from representative granite and granite gneiss originated soils were selected among inland soils from detailed soil maps (1:25,000 scale) in Rural Development Administration (RDA) and analyzed. After the detailed soil maps were merged by soil series unit, perimeters were measured from one soil series to neighboring soil series using functions of table join, merge, dissolve, buffer, and clip in ArcGIS (10.1). The covering ratio of each soil series unit was calculated from neighboring perimeters by soil series and applied to clustering analysis. Soils that were analyzed were the total of 16 soil series; 7 of sandy loam and 9 of clay loam. As a result, analyzed soil series adjoined complicatedly such as Hyocheon series adjoined 26 series and Jisan did 276 series. The results of the clustering analysis showed that soils were clustered by soil textures except a few soil series. This study applied only one property that was a length of neighboring soil series to GIS and statistical analyses. These results were compared to existing soil groups that were classified by new-soil taxonomy, texture, soil type and drainage level. It showed that these analyses can provide soil characteristics by soil texture. Based on this study, there is a need to investigate further objectively and quantitatively in statistical analyses of soil series.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
• /
• v.29 no.4
• /
• pp.856-874
• /
• 2019

The performance of recommender systems (RS) has been measured mainly in terms of accuracy. However, there are other aspects of performance that are difficult to understand in terms of accuracy, such as coverage, serendipity, and satisfaction with recommended results. Moreover, particularly with RSs that suggest multiple items at a time, such as YouTube, user satisfaction with recommended results may vary not only depending on their accuracy, but also on their configuration, content, and design displayed to the user. This is true when classifying an RS as a single RS with one recommended result and as a multiple RS with diverse results. No empirical analysis has been conducted on the influence of the content and distribution of recommendation items on user satisfaction. In this study, we propose a research model representing the content and distribution of recommended items and how they affect user satisfaction with the RS. We focus on RSs that recommend multiple items. We performed an empirical analysis involving 149 YouTube users. The results suggest that user satisfaction with recommended results is significantly affected according to the HHI (Herfindahl-Hirschman Index). In addition, satisfaction significantly increased when the recommended item on the top of the list was the same category in terms of content that users were currently watching. Particularly when the purpose of using RS is hedonic, not utilitarian, the results showed greater satisfaction when the number of views of the recommended items was evenly distributed. However, other characteristics of selected content, such as view count and playback time, had relatively less impact on satisfaction with recommended items. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to show that the category concentration of items impacts user satisfaction on websites recommending diverse items in different categories using a content-based filtering system, such as YouTube. In addition, our use of the HHI index, which has been extensively used in economics research, to show the distributional characteristics of recommended items, is also unique. The HHI for categories of recommended items was useful in explaining user satisfaction.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
• /
• v.43 no.6
• /
• pp.775-790
• /
• 2008

This study shows possibility of active fault, throughout analyzing distributional features of tectonic and fluvial geomorphology and mineral composition of fault fracture clay, at Jinbu fault-line system in Pyeongchang-gun, Gangwon Province. Fault-line valley was formed remarkably in the upper reaches of Odae River and upper reaches of Yeongok River according along Jinbu fault-line. Landforms show rectilineal distribution at right shore slopes of Odae River in Ganpyeong-ri, southern zone of Jinbu fault-line system, related to the tectonic processes, such as triangular facet, kernbut, kerncol and alluvial fan. Fault fracture clay zones were developed at 5 outcrops($jbf1{\sim}5$), located in kerncol. Particularly, jbf1 fault outcrop, developed at granite saprolite, has obvious fault plane and fault clay composed of illite and laumontite. The Jinbu Fault-line along jbf4-2-3-5 may be formed by regional compressive stress, and jbf1 fault may be suggested a tributary fault of the Jinbu fault-line formed before the late Pleistocene. The vertical displacement of the east and west blocks of the Jinbu Fault-line is estimated in $0.024{\sim}0.027m/ka$.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
• /
• v.17 no.3
• /
• pp.181-188
• /
• 2012

Despite the ecological importance of seagrass beds, their distributional information in Korean coastal waters is insufficient. Therefore, we used hydroacoustic system to collect accurate bathymetry and classification of seagrass, and Kompsat-2 (4 m spatial resolution) image for detection of seagrass beds at Deukryang Bay, Korea. The accuracy of Kompsat-2 image classification was evaluated using hydracoustic survey result using error matrix and Kappa value. The total area of seagrass beds from satellite image classification was underestimated compared to the hydroacoustic survey, estimated 3.9 and $4.5km^2$ from satellite image and hydroacoustic data, respectively. Nonetheless, the accuracy of Kompsat-2 image classification over hydroacoustic-based method showing 90% (Kappa=0.85) for the three class maps (seagrass, unvegetated seawater and aquaculture). The agreement between the satellite image classification and the hydroacoustic result was 77.1% (the seagrass presence/absence map). From our result of satellite image classification, Kompsat-2 image is suitable for mapping seagrass beds with high accuracy and non-destructive method. For more accurate information, more researches with a variety of high-resolution satellite image will be preceded.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
• /
• v.26 no.3
• /
• pp.281-301
• /
• 2024

The power cable tunnels which are part of the underground transmission line project, are constructed using the shield TBM method. The disc cutter among the shield TBM components plays an important role in breaking rock mass. Efficient tunnel construction is possible only when appropriate replacement occurs as the wear limit is reached or damage such as uneven wear occurs. A study was conducted to determine the wear conditions of disc cutter using a deep learning algorithm based on real-time measurement data of wear and rotation speed. Based on the results of full-scaled tunnelling tests, it was confirmed that measurement data was obtained differently depending on the wear conditions of disc cutter. Using real-time measurement data, an algorithm was developed to determine disc cutter wear characteristics based on a convolutional neural network model. Distributional patterns of data can be learned through CNN filters, and the performance of the model that can classify uniform wear and uneven wear through these pattern features.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
• /
• v.51 no.1
• /
• pp.60-70
• /
• 2018

The distribution of benthic macroinvertebrates was investigated at 1,157 sites of 7 main water systems in Korea, including 442 sites of Han River system (Namhan River, Bukhan River, Han River main stream, Anseongcheon, etc.), 305 sites of Nakdong River system (Nakdong River, Hyeongsan River, Taehwa River, etc.), 199 sites of Geum River system (Geum River, Sapgyocheon, Mangyeong River, Dongjin River, etc.) 102 sites of Seomjin River system (Seomjin River), 102 sites of Yeongsan River system (Yeongsan River, Tamjin River, etc.), and 7 sites of Jeju stream system. A total of 151 families were found in the whole survey sites, including 141 families in Han River, 122 in Nakdong River, 115 in Geum River, 106 in Seomjin River, 113 in Yeongsan River, and 50 in Jeju. Chironomidae (20.8%) was the most dominant species in Korea, followed by Hydropsychidae (17.1%), Baetidae (12.6%), Tubificidae (10.3%), Heptageniidae (8.6%), Ephemerellidae (6.3%), Asellidae (2.7%), Leptophlebiidae (2.4%), Planariidae (1.7%), and Tipulidae (1.6%). Substrates compositions consisted of large sand (22.6%), large gravel (18.4%), silt (10.5%), and boulder (8.2%). The mean stream width was 133.5 m and the mean watercourse width was 61.7 m. The mean water depth and velocity were 30.2 cm and $33.1cm\;s^{-1}$, respectively. Results of cluster analysis based on distributional characteristics of benthic macroinvertebrates were divided into six groups according to the frequency of benthic macroinvertebrate taxa which appeared in the study area. Finally, altitude, current velocity and substrate composition were the most influencial factors determining the distribution patterns of macroinvertebrate communities.

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.23 no.6
• /
• pp.804-811
• /
• 2013

Melanopsin is an opsin-like photopigment found in the small proportion of photosensitive ganglion cells of the retina. It is involved in the regulation of the synchronization of the circadian cycle as well as in the control of pupillary light reflex. The purpose of the present study is to investigate whether melanopsin is also expressed in the other areas of the central visual system outside the retina. We have studied the distribution and morphology of neurons containing melanopsin in the mouse visual cortex with antibody immunocytochemistry. Melanopsin immunoreactivity was mostly present in neuronal soma, but not in nuclei. We found that melanopsin was present in a large subset of neurons within the adult mouse visual cortex with the highest density in layer II/III. In layer I of the visual cortex, melanopsin-immunoreactive (IR) neurons were rarely encountered. In the mouse visual cortex, the majority of the melanopsin-IR neurons consisted of round/oval cells, but was varied in morphology. Vertical fusiform and pyramidal cells were also rarely labeled with the anti-melanopsin antibody. The labeled cells did not show any distinctive distributional pattern. Some melanopsin-IR neurons in mouse visual cortex co-localized with nitricoxide synthase, calbindin and parvalbumin. Our data indicate that melanopsin is located in specific neurons and surprisingly widespread in visual cortex. This finding raises the need of the functional study of melanopsin in central visual areas outside the retina.

• Archives of design research
• /
• v.11 no.2
• /
• pp.203-213
• /
• 1998

The forthcoming twenty-first century is at the mercy of information and culture. A quality of humanlife is under the control of a cultural level. A nation's creative culture and a cultural level represent all things about the nation; and a national image, as a whole result of culture, is enormously influential. This new era of culturalism gives us a significant responsibility for getting ready for the late industrial society by practically harmonizing rationality of modem culture with conception of traditional culture. Industrializing culture and culturalizing industry will be the most important strategy for existence in these days of borderless international competitiveness. Cultural products which is containing a nation's own culture can not only enhance the national image, but also become high value-added industry. While general products are developed for the purpose of convenient and practical use, cultural products are created with the intention of informing international society about a nation or a region. In order to confront with a global market system and a change of cultural environment, it is necessary to create a proper design with cultural inheritance for modem likes and senses, to produce the design on a commercial scale, and to strengthen its competitiveness on international markets. In order that a commodity is born, distributed throughout markets, and delivered to a final consumer, it is essential to understand complicated process such as development, distribution and marketing of products and to systematize each part. Although we should not neglect any part, a political and systemical plan or a distributional and marketing idea will be beside the point in this article. This article presents importance of traditional patterns as a Korean cultural image, and it shows the process of designing and developing products in order for traditional patterns to be utilized for products effectively. I expect that concrete activation and systematization for those works can be carried out successively.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
• /
• v.41 no.4
• /
• pp.379-394
• /
• 2008

Recently, extreme precipitation events beyond design capacity of hydraulic system have been occurred and this is the causes of failure of hydraulic structure for flood prevention and of severe flood damage. Therefore it is very important to understand temporal and spatial characteristics of extreme precipitation events as well as expected changes in extreme precipitation events and distributional characteristics during design period under future climate change. In this paper, climate change scenarios were used to assess the impacts of future climate change on extreme precipitation. Furthermore, analysis of future extreme precipitation characteristics and I-D-F analysis were carried out. This study used SRES B2 greenhouse gas scenario and YONU CGCM to simulate climatic conditions from 2031 to 2050 and statistical downscaling method was applied to establish weather data from each of observation sites operated by the Korean Meteorological Administration. Then quantile mapping of bias correction methods was carried out by comparing the simulated data with observations for bias correction. In addition Modified Bartlett Lewis Rectangular Pulse(MBLRP) model (Onof and Wheater, 1993; Onof 2000) and adjust method were applied to transform daily precipitation time series data into hourly time series data. Finally, rainfall intensity, duration, and frequency were calculated to draw I-D-F curve. Although there are 66 observation sites in Korea, we consider here the results from only Seoul, Daegu, Jeonju, and Gwangju sites in this paper. From the results we found that the rainfall intensity will be increased and the bigger intensity will be occurred for longer rainfall duration when we compare the climate conditions of 2030s with present conditions.