• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.468-478
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• 2019

The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of cordyceps militaris extracts for the improvement of cognitive dysfunction in PC12 and BV2 cells. Cordyceps militaris extracts was prepared by extracting with distilled water. Cell viability was assessed by MTT assay using PC12 cells and BV2 cells. Confirmed effects of L-glutamate induced cytotoxicity test, Acetylcoline (ACh) concentration, and Acetylcolinestase (AChE) activity in PC12 cells. Anti-inflammatory activities of cordyceps militaris extracts was measured through changes in the levels of nitric oxide (NO), and prostaglandin E2 ($PGE_2$) on lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced BV2 cell. In addition, we measured the expression of $NF-{\kappa}B$, p38, JNK, and caspase-3 in western blot analysis. Cordyceps militaris extracts showed no cytotoxicity at the concentrations of 1, 10, and $100{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ except for the concentration of $200{\mu}g/m{\ell}$. Cordyceps militaris extracts protected the cell and exhibited significant increases in the ACh concentration and a significant decrease in the AChE activity in L-glutamate induced PC12 cells. Moreover, cordyceps militaris extracts inhibited the productions NO, and PGE2 level and the protein expression of $NF-{\kappa}B$, p38, JNK, caspase-3 in LPS-induced BV2 cells. These results indicate that cordyceps militaris extracts possible prevented and improved cognitive dysfuction symptoms. Thus, cordyceps militaris extracts may be a novel natural material option for the improvement of cognitive dysfunction.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2019.04a
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• pp.43-43
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• 2019

Deparia pycnosora (Christ) M. Kato is a fern used as ornamental plant. In addition, it is called "Teol-go-sa-ri" in Korean name. The aim of this study was to develop a practical propagation method of D. pycnosora using tissue culture technique. Prothallus obtained from spore germination was the used as experiment materials. The prothalli (300 mg) used in all experiments were sub-cultured for 8-week intervals. The most suitable media for prothallus propagation were identified by culturing 300 mg of prothalli in $1/4{\times}$, $1/2{\times}$, $1{\times}$, $2{\times}$ MS medium and in Knop medium for 8 weeks. Also, the prothalli were cultured by chopping with a scalpel. In addition, sucrose, activated charcoal, and total nitrogen source were added in different concentrations based on the culture medium selected. Cultures were maintained at a temperature of $25{\pm}1^{\circ}C$, light intensity of $30{\times}1.0{\mu}mol-m-2{\cdot}s-1$, and a photoperiod of 16/8 h (light/dark) in in vitro. The results showed that optimum was achieved prothallus fresh weight and development in $1{\times}$ MS medium. When other components were added to the basic $1{\times}$ MS medium, prothallus propagation was maximized in $1{\times}$ MS medium supplemented with 2% sucrose, 0.2% activated charcoal, and 60 mM total nitrogen. To select a suitable soil mixture for sporophyte formation, 1.0 g of prothallus was blended with distilled water, spread on five combinations of different soil substrates (decomposed granite, horticultural substrates, peat moss, and perlite), and cultivated for 12 weeks. The sporophyte cultures were maintained at a temperature of $25{\pm}1^{\circ}C$, light intensity of $43{\pm}2.0{\mu}mol-m-2{\cdot}s-1$, humidity of $84{\pm}1.4%$, and a photoperiod of 16/8 h (light/dark). As a results, horticultural substrate alone, 2:1 (v:v) mixtures of horticultural substrate and perlite, and 2:1 mixtures of horticultural substrate and decomposed granite induced 208.0, 201.3 and 248.8 sporophytes per pot, respectively. Therefore, this result could provide a practical mass propagation method of D. pycnosora

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.428-435
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• 2019

Alaska pollock (Gadus chalcogrammus) is a marine fish species belonging to the family Gadidae. In this study, whether the Alaska Polloack Roe have antioxidant properties, 2,2-diphenyl-1 picrylhydroazyl (DPPH), hydroxyl radical (OH) reducing activity, and nitric oxide radical (NO) scavenging activity were evaluated in distilled water extract (DWE) and ethanol extract (ETE) of raw Alaska pollock roe, Gochujang Pollock roe, and fermented seasoned Pollock roe. The DPPH scavenging activity of the DWE with Gochujang Pollock roe was 71.9% at a concentration of 1.0 mg/ml and that of the ETE was 73.7% at the same concentration. The DPPH scavenging activity of the DWE with fermented seasoned Pollock roe was 78.0% at 1.0 mg/ml, whereas that of ETE was 78.4% at the same concentration. The $IC_{50}$ values of the DWE and ETE of raw Pollock roe for DPPH were $11.65{\mu}g/ml$ and $11.47{\mu}g/ml$, respectively. The OH scavenging activities of raw Pollock roe, Gochujang Pollock roe, and fermented seasoned Pollock roe ethanolic extracts at a concentration of 1.0 mg/ml were 70.9%, 79.0, and 80.6%, respectively. The $IC_{50}$ values of the DWE and EWE of raw Pollock roe for NO were $11.45{\mu}g/ml$ and $11.41{\mu}g/ml$, respectively. The DPPH, OH, and NO scavenging abilities in DWEs and ETEs of Gochujang and fermented seasoned Pollock roe were higher than those of instant (no Gochujang or season treatment) treatment Pollock roe. Both the Gochujang and fermented seasoned Pollock roes have natural radical scavenging ability and may be useful potential antioxidant food supplements.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.28 no.12
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• pp.1461-1468
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• 2018

The Alaska Pollock (Gadus chalcogrammus) is distributed in an arc across the North Pacific Ocean. Distilled water extracts (DWE) and ethanol extracts (ETE) of 1.0 mg/ml concentrations of raw Alaska Pollock roe, premium Gochujang Pollock roe, and premium fermented Pollock roe seasoning were evaluated for estimated 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS), ferric reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP), and total phenolic content. The ABTS scavenging activity of the raw Alaska roe DWE and ETE were evaluated at 50.1% and 53.1%, respectively. The ABTS scavenging activity of the Gochujang roe DWE was 68.7% and of the ETE was 70.4%; for the fermented seasoning it was 71.3% and 71.6% for the DWE and ETE, respectively. The ABTS $EC_{50}$ values of the raw roe DWE and ETE were 12.49 ug/ml and 12.21 ug/ml, respectively. The FRAP $EC_{50}$ values of the Gochujang roe DWE and ETE were 10.67 ug/ml and 10.56 ug/ml, respectively, and the $EC_{50}$ values for total phenolic content for the fermented seasoning DWE and ETE were 10.45 ug/ml and 10.31 ug/ml, respectively. When Gallic was acid used as a control, the relative total phenolic content scavenging activity in each ETE was 52.0% (raw Alaska roe), 61.1% (Gochujang roe), and 63.6% (fermented seasoning). In the present study, higher ABTS, FRAP, and total phenolic content were observed in the Gochujang Pollock roe and fermented roe seasoning than in the Alaska Pollock roe.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.241-248
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• 2019

Pesticide exposure may induce biochemical alterations including oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation. However, in the context of developmental origin of health and disease, putative trans-generational effect of exposure to pesticides are insufficiently studied. We therefore aimed to evaluate the biochemical effect of gestational exposure to four pesticides on female Wistar rats and their offspring at adult age. We studied 30 female nulliparous Wistar rats divided into 5 equal groups. Group 1 served as the control group and received distilled water while group 2, 3, 4 and 5 received orally pesticide 1 (imidacloprid), pesticide 2 (chlorpyrifos), pesticide 3 (imidacloprid + lambda cyhalothrin) and pesticide 4 (oxamyl) respectively once daily throughout gestation at a dose equivalent to 1/10 lethal dose 50. The mothers were followed up until one month post gestation. The offspring were followed up from birth until adult age (12 weeks). In all animals at each time point we evaluated malondialdehyde (MDA), oxidative stress and liver function enzymes. There was similar variation of total body weight in all the groups during and after gestation. However, Female Wistar rats of the exposed groups had significant alterations in liver SOD (-30.8% to +64.1%), catalase (-38.8% to -85.7%) and GSH (-29.2% to -86.5%) and; kidney catalase (> 100%), GSH (> 100%). Moreover, MDA, alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) levels were significantly higher in pesticide exposed rats compared to the control group. Similar alterations in antioxidant enzymes, MDA and liver function enzymes were observed in offspring of treated rats evidenced at weaning and persisting until adult age. Exposure to pesticides causes oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation in exposed female Wistar rats and their offspring. The persistence in offspring at adult age suggests transgenerational adverse effects.

• Journal of Convergence for Information Technology
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• v.9 no.7
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• pp.159-167
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• 2019

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of oral rinsing solution on the color stability, surface microhardness and surface roughness change of composite resin. In this in-vitro study, 80 disc-shaped specimens were fabricated of Filtek P60 and Filtek Z250(A2 shade). The samples of each group were randomly divided into eight subgroups (n=10). The baseline color values ($L^*$, $a^*$, $b^*$) of each specimen were measured according to CIE LAB system using a colorimeter. After baseline color measurements, the control samples were immersed in distilled water and the test groups were immersed colorless, green and purple mouthrinses three times a day for thirty minutes. This process was repeated for two weeks. Green and purple oral rinsing solutions displayed color, microhardness and roughness change of all composite resin after immersion in the mouthrinses. Therefore, prescription of oral rinsing solution for a minimum of two weeks is a common practice, which may cause discoloration of aesthetic composite restorations of patients.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.319-331
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• 2019

This study was conducted to find a solvent, a extraction method and optimized conditions for Artemisia iwayomogi extract. which is effective to anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity. A. iwayomogi extract by distilled water, ethanol, methanol, hexane and ethyl acetate using ultrasonic, high-pressure and supercritical extraction was investigated for NO inhibitory and DPPH radical scavenging activity. Extract obtained by ethanol and ultrasonic extraction method showed high NO production inhibitory activity, DPPH free radical scavenging activity and yield. Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to find a optimized ultrasonic extraction conditions. Results showed that the optimum conditions for the higher yield were ethanol solvent of 45.71% concentration with extraction time and ultrasonic power of 63.33min and 308.84 W, respectively. This condition predicted 15.85% yield, but real yield was $16.40{\pm}0.28%$. The optimum conditions for simultaneous anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity were established as ethanol concentration (80.81%), extraction time (90.00 min) and ultrasonic power (400.00 W). NO production inhibitory and antioxidant activity were $89.77{\pm}1.37%$ and $60.12{\pm}0.39%$, respectively. These results showed similar to the predicted values of 94.54%, 58.03% respectively.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.30-36
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• 2019

In this study, Li powder was recovered from the by-product of LNO ($Li_2NiO_2$) process, which is the positive electrode active material of waste lithium ion battery, through the $CO_2$ thermal reaction process. In the process of recovering Li powder, the $CO_2$ injection amount is 300 cc/min. The $Li_2NiO_2$ award was phase-separated into the $Li_2CO_3$ phase and the NiO phase by holding at $600^{\circ}C$ for 1 min. After this, the collected sample:distilled water = 1:50 weight ratio, and after leaching, the solution was subjected to vacuum filtration to recover $Li_2CO_3$ from the solution, and the NiO powder was recovered. In order to increase the purity of Ni, it was maintained in $H_2$ atmosphere for 3 hours to reduce NiO to Ni. Through the above-mentioned steps, the purity of Li was 2290 ppm and the recovery was 92.74% from the solution, and Ni was finally produced 90.1% purity, 92.6% recovery.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.57 no.3
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• pp.225-231
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• 2019

Purpose: This study was undertaken to compare fracture and flexural strength of provisional restorative resins fabricated by additive manufacturing, subtractive manufacturing, and conventional direct technique. Materials and methods: Five types of provisional restorative resin made with different methods were investigated: Stereolithography apparatus (SLA) 3D printer (S3Z), two digital light processing (DLP) 3D printer (D3Z, D3P), milling method (MIL), conventional method (CON). For fracture strength test, premolar shaped specimens were prepared by each method and stored in distilled water at $37^{\circ}C$ for 24 hours. Compressive load was measured using a universal testing machine (UTM). For flexural strength test, rectangular bar specimens ($25{\times}2{\times}2mm$) were prepared by each method according to ISO 10477 and flexural strength was measured by UTM. Results: Fracture strengths of the S3Z, D3Z, and D3P groups fabricated by additive manufacturing were not significantly different from those of MIL and CON groups (P>.05/10=.005). On the other hand, the flexural strengths of S3Z, D3P, and MIL groups were significantly higher than that of CON group (P<.05), but the flexural strength of D3Z group was significantly lower than that of CON group (P<.05). Conclusion: Within the limitation of our study, provisional restorative resins made from additive manufacturing showed clinically comparable fracture and flexural strength as those made by subtractive manufacturing and conventional method.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.226-232
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of adding a protective coating on the microhardness and wear resistance of glass ionomer cements (GICs). Specimens were prepared from GIC and resin-modified GIC (RMGI), and divided into 3 groups based on surface protection: (1) no coating (NC), (2) Equia coat coating (EC), and (3) un-filled adhesive coating (AD). All specimens were then placed in distilled water for 24 h. Surface hardness (n = 10) was evaluated on a Vickers hardness testing machine. Wear resistance (n = 10) was evaluated after subjecting the specimen to thermocycling for 10,000 cycles using a chewing simulator. Data were analyzed using a one-way ANOVA and the Kruskal-Wallis test. Surface hardness was highest in the NC groups, followed by the EC and AD groups. The wear depth of GI + NC was significantly higher than that of all RMGI groups. EC did not significantly lower the wear depth compared to AD. Based on these results, it was concluded that although EC does not increase the surface microhardness of GIC, it can increase the wear resistance.