• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.383-396
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• 2007

The aim of this study was to measure the suprathreshold taste intensity for NaCl, sucrose, citric acid, and quinine HCl in elderly Korean women using a whole-mouth, sip-and-spit procedure, employing the method of magnitude matching. The results were analysed in terms of aging, menopause, and salivary flow rate. 31 elderly women (mean age; $50.8{\pm}5.1$ years) and 30 young women (mean age; $25.1{\pm}1.71$ years) were included for the study. Subjects were instructed to give nonmodulus magnitude estimates to the intensities of five concentrations each of sucrose, NaCl, citric acid, and quinine HCl; distilled water; 6 loudness level of a 1,000-Hz tone, using the same 9-point intensity scale. Each of the 21 taste stimuli and 6 auditory stimuli are presented in random order twice. The auditory function is used to assess the absolute intensity function of the subject's taste system. The results were as follows; 1. Comparing to young women, elderly women showed decreased taste intensities for lower concentration solutions of NaCl and sucrose. However, other solutions didn't show any difference in taste intensities between young and elderly women. 2. There were not significant difference in perceived taste intensities for NaCl, sucrose, citric acid, and quinine HCl between menopause and pre-menopause women in elderly women group. 3. There were not significant difference in perceived taste intensities for NaCl, sucrose, and quinine HCl between low salivation women and high salivation women in elderly women group. 4. The low salivation women in elderly group showed higher taste intensity for low concentration citric acid than high salivation women.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.1-17
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• 2018

Objectives The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of Jeopgolsan (JGS) extract on anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory activities in RAW 264.7 cells and on factors related with fracture healing in skull fractured rat. Methods Experimental animals were divided into four groups: normal group without any treatment (Normal), contral group were treated orally with distilled water (Control), Experimental group were treated orally with JGS at a concentration of 200 mg/kg/day (JGS 200) and Experimental group were treated orally with JGS at a concentration of 200 mg/kg/day (JGS 400). Rats in each group except the normal group were induced fractures in the skull. The 1,1-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging activity were measured to evaluate antioxidant activity. The production of nitric oxide (NO), $interleukin-1{\beta}$ ($IL-1{\beta}$), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}$ ($TNF-{\alpha}$) in the RAW 264.7 cells were measured to evaluate anti-inflammatory activity. The production of osteocalcin calcitonin, carboxy-terminal telepeptides of type II collagen (CTX II), transforming growth $factor-{\beta}$ ($TGF-{\beta}$), bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2), Insulin and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in serum of rats were measured to evaluate the effects of fracture healing at 0, 2, 4, and 6th week. X-rays were taken every 3 week from 0 to 6th week to evaluate fracture healing effect. Results 1. No cytotoxicity was observed. 2. DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity were increased in a concentration dependent manner, indicating anti-oxidant effect. 3. NO, $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6, and $TNF-{\alpha}$ were not significantly changed, indicating no anti-inflammatory effect. 4. Osteocalcin, Calcitonin, $TGF-{\beta}$ and ALP were significantly increased in the experimental groups. 5. CTX II, insulin were significantly decreased in the expermental groups. 6. Radiologic examination showed that union of fracture was promoted. Conclusions From above results, JGS showed significant results in factors related with fracture healing and radiologic examination. Threfore, JGS is expected to be effective in the treatment of fracture.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.84-93
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• 2008

Poly(vinylidene fluoride) has received much attention in the last several years for the lithium secondary batteries. In this study, to enhance the porosity, PVdF was prepared by phase inversion method using as an additive, PEG (poly(ethylene glycol)), with N,N-dimethylformamid as a solvent. The pores are generated during the solvent and non-solvent exchange process in the coagulation bath filled with non-solvent (distilled water). The surface and cross-section of the membranes were observed with a scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The mechanical property of the membrane was determined by using an universal testing machine (UTM) and thermal property was verified by heat shrinkage. Uniformed sponge structure of PVdF-PEG membrane for the lithium secondary batteries was prepared with 10 wt% of PEG concentration in the PVdF-PEG solution. Porosity, elongation and tensile strengh of the membrane were 87%, 75.45%, and 275. 27 MPa respectively.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.257-266
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of post types and sizes on fracture resistance in immature tooth model with various restorative techniques. Bovine incisors were sectioned 8 mm above and 12 mm below the cementoenamel junction to simulate immature tooth model. To compare various post-and-core restorations, canals were restored with gutta-percha and resin core, or reinforced dentin wall with dual-cured resin composite, followed by placement of D.T. LIGHT-POST, ParaPost XT, and various sizes of EverStick Post individually. All of specimens were stored in the distilled water for 72 hours and underwent 6,000 thermal cycles. After simulation of periodontal ligament structure with polyether impression material, compressive load was applied at 45 degrees to the long axis of the specimen until fracture was occurred. Experimental groups reinforced with post and composite resin were shown significantly higher fracture strength than gutta-percha group without post placement (p < 0.05). Most specimens fractured limited to cervical third of roots. Post types did not influence on fracture resistance and fracture level significantly when cement space was filled with dual-cured resin composite. In addition, no statistically significant differences were seen between customized and standardized glass fiber posts, which cement spaces were filled with resin cement or composite resin individually. Therefore, root reinforcement procedures as above in immature teeth improved fracture resistance regardless of post types and sizes.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.58-65
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• 2016

This study was a preparatory experiment aimed the development of membrane scaffolds for tissue engineering. A PCL composite solution contained sodium chloride(NaCl). PCL porous membrane scaffolds were formed on a glass casting plate using a film applicator and immersed in distilled water to remove the NaCl reaching after drying. NaCl was used as a pore former for a 3 dimensional pore net-work. The dry condition parameters were $4^{\circ}C$, room temperature (RT) and $40^{\circ}C$ for each different temperatures in the drying experiment. SEM revealed the morphology of the pores in the membrane after drying and evaluated the in vitro cytotoxicity for basic bio-compatibility. The macro and micro pores existed together in the scaffold and showed a 3-dimensional pore net-working morphology at RT. The in vitro cytotoxicity test result was "grade 2" in accordance with the criterion for cytotoxicity by ISO 10993-5. The dry condition affected the formation of a 3 dimensional pore network and micro and macro pores. Therefore, these results are expected provide the basic process for the development of porous membrane scaffolds to control degradation and allow drug delivery.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.15-20
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• 2012

In this paper, we carried out separation of membrane and leaching of Pt and Ru using hydrochloric acid from MEA(membrane-electrode assembly) of fuel cell. In this method, these were separated from MEA of fuel cell using the distilled water, 10 vol.% butanol solution and 15 vol.% cationic surfactant(Koremul-LN-7) by dipping method without the dispersion of catalyst particles. And the leaching of Pt and Ru containing in the separated carbon paper catalysts has been studied by hydrochloric acid using $HNO_3$ or $H_2O_2$ as a oxidant. The leaching ratio of Pt and Ru were higher when $H_2O_2$ was used as a oxidant and the optimum conditions were obtained in 8M HCl, the amount of $H_2O_2$ 5M and 6 hours of leaching time at $90^{\circ}C$. In this condition, extraction of Pt and Ru were 98% and 71.5%, respectively.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.14 no.11
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• pp.6015-6022
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• 2013

It has been known that there are large amount of nitric acid and valuable metals, copper in the plating waste solution of automobile wheel. As nitric acid and valuable metals are high price and toxic, they should be recovered for economics and environment. Plating waste was extracted with TBP diluted with kerosene. The concentration of nitric acid in aqueous phase was analyzed by titration method by NaOH solution (0.1~1.0N) and the amount of metals by ICP-MS and ICP-AES. The concentration of copper in plating waste were 76,850 mg/L. The concentration of nitric acid in plating waste was 1.02 M. After three step extraction was performed with 50% TBP, each organic phase was stripped three times with distilled water to obtain 48.1% of nitric acid. Purity of final nitric acid was over 99.9% by ICP analysis. After recovery of nitric acid, copper was extracted with various solvent extractors like PC 88A, D2EPHA, LIX 84 and ISE 106. Among these extractors, 92% of copper was recovered by ISE 106 after 1st extraction and 30% $H_2SO_4$ stripping. Copper ion was reduced with $N_2H_4$ to make metal powders, respectively.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.12
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• pp.705-711
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• 2017

Lespedeza cuneata (LC) is a herbaceous plant that grows throughout Korea. To investigate the physicochemical properties and the antioxidant activities of LC extracts and LC-soaked liquor (s. liquor), extraction with distilled water (DW) and ethanol was conducted and the extracts were compared with s. liquor. A total of 22 free amino acids from LC extract were detected, with the main ones being phosphoethanolamine 20.36>L-proline 18.02>ammonia 14.48>L-aspartic acid 12.96>${\gamma}$-amino-n-butyric acid 10.67%. The total flavonoid contents (TFC) and total phenolics contents (TPC) were in the order of s. liquor>DW>ethanol extract. The electron donating ability based on DPPH radical scavenging ability was highest for s.liquor, which equivalents 81.4% ascorbic acid in the order of s. liquor>ethanol>DW extract. The orders of ferric reducing antioxidant power and ABTS radical scavenging ability were proportional to the TFC and TPC of extracts, and in the order of s. liquor>ethanol>DW extract. The nitrite scavenging ability of s. liquor was highest among the three extracts (96.6% at pH 1.2), which was 2.6 times greater than that of DW extract.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.7-12
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• 2014

Objectives: The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix hot aqueous extract on nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$) production and on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) free-radical scavenging in macrophages. Methods: Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix (300 g) was heated at $100^{\circ}C$ with distilled water (2 L) for 4 hours. The extract was filtered and concentrated to 100 mL by using a rotary evaporator, was frozen at $-80^{\circ}C$, and was then freeze-dried by using a freezing-drying system. The RAW 264.7 macrophage was subcultured by using $10-{\mu}g/mL$ lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In order to evaluate cytotoxicity, we performed 3-(4,5-dimrthylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays and measured the cell viability. The NO production was measured by using Griess assays, and the $PGE_2$ production was measured by using enzyme immunoassays. The antioxidant activity, the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) free-radical scavenging capability, was measured by using the DPPH method. Results: Cell viability with the 1-, 5-, 25-, 125- and $625-{\mu}g/mL$ Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix hot aqueous extract was not significantly decreased compared to the cell viability without the extract. When 125 and $625{\mu}g/mL$ of Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix hot aqueous extract were used, nitric oxide (NO) production in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages was significantly inhibited compared to that in the control group. When 25, 125, and $625{\mu}g/mL$ of Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix hot aqueous extract were used, $PGE_2$ production in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages was significantly inhibited compared to that in the control group. The 125- and $625-{\mu}g/mL$ Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix hot aqueous extracts had high DPPH free-radical scavenging capabilities in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Conclusion: This study indicates that Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix hot aqueous extract suppresses NO and $PGE_2$ production and improves DPPH free-radical scavenging capability. Thus, it seems that Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix hot aqueous extract may have an anti-inflammation effect and antioxidant activity.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.127-138
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• 2013

Plastic, widely used as a material for contemporary art, get damaged as directly exposed to temperature, humidity, ultra violet, etc. And it is very quickly damaged in early time, once damaged, it can't recover into original state. But like this characteristics, there is a few advanced research in Korea. So this study deal with a rising value of plastic artifacts in other country, United Kingdom and France, current conservation state, identification and cleaning method. Also 5 types of cleaners(distilled water, ethanol, acetone, eraser) and adhesives(cyanoacrylate, epoxy, acrylic, chloroprene rubber) were evaluated by produced plastics(PVC, PE, PP, PS, PU). As a result of experiment, ethanol and acetone that were previous evaluated in other research performed in other country are the best cleaner. Result of degradation after adhesive, cyanoacrylate and epoxy resin showed better performance and stability. As a basic research, this study is expected that can be used in future researches.