• 한국수자원학회논문집
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.225-235
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• 1999

가로흐름이 존재하는 수역으로 방출되는 온배수 해석에 3가지 난류모형의 사용성 평가를 위해서 근역 2차원 수치모형을 개발하였다. 적용한 난류모형은 2-방정식 난류모형인 {{{{ { k}_{ } }}}}-$\varepsilon$ 및 {{{{ { k}_{ } }}}}-ι 난류모형과 {{{{ { k}_{ } }}}}-$\varepsilon$ 난류모형에 부력생성 항 및 난류 열 플럭스 항 결정을 위한 변동온도 평균자승항 및 이의 감쇠율에 대한 전달 방정식을 추가한 4-방정식 난류모형이다. 개발된 모형은 간단한 단면을 갖는 개수로 정류 경우에 대해 적용하였으며, 계산된 결과는 기존의 실험결과와 비교적 잘 일치하였다. 4-방정식 난류모형에 의한 결과가 2-방정식에 의한 결과보다 부력에 의한 횡방향의 중력확장을 잘 나타내었으며, 흐름 양상의 계산에는 3가지 경우 모두 유사하게 흐름을 재현함을 보였다.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.38-45
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• 2014

This study was performed to investigate the physiological responses of Oplopanax elatus by water condition. Drought stress was induced by withholding water for 26 days. The results show that $P_{N\;max}$, SPAD, gs, E and Ci were significantly decreased with decreasing of soil moisture contents. However, AQY and WUE were decreased slightly only at 26 day. This implies that photosynthetic rate is reduced due to an inability to regulate water and $CO_2$ exchange through the stomatal. According to JIP analysis, ${\Phi}_{PO}$, ${\Psi}_O$, ${\Phi}_{EO}$ and $PI_{ABS}$ were dramatically decreased at 21 day and 26 day, which reflects the relative reduction state of the photosystem II. On the other hand, the relative activities per reaction center such as ABS/RC, TRo/RC were significantly increased at 26 day. Particularly, Dio/RC and DIo/CS increased substantially under drought stress, indicating that excessive energy was consumed by heat dissipation. These results of chlorophyll a fluorescence show that the sensitivity changes photosystem II activity. Thus, according to the results, O. elatus was exhibited a strong reduction of photosynthetic activity to approximately 10% soil moisture contents, and JIP parameters could be useful indicator to monitor the physiological states of O. elatus under drought stress.

• 한국지반공학회논문집
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.105-112
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• 2002

성토하부 연약지반에서 상재하중의 변화가 없는 상태에서 과잉간극수압의 증가가 Berthierville와 Olga 지역에서 보고되었다. 이와같은 비정상적인 현상들을 고전적인 압밀이론으로 설명하기는 어렵다. 본 논문은 비선형 점소성모델윽 사용하여 자연점토지반에서 유발되는 간극수압 증가를 설명하였다. 제안된 모델은 Darcy 법칙에 의한 간극수압 소산과 점소성 변형에 의한 간극수압 생성에 대한 복합적인 거동을 모사할 뿐만 아니라 시간 의존적인 점소성 거동과 변형을 속도 의존적인 선행압밀하중 특성을 표현할 수 있다. 수치해석기법을 적용하여 Berthierville각 Olga 지역의 성토과정을 해석하였으며, 수치해석 결과와 계측된 값을 비교한 결과 제안된 비선형 점소성모델볶 사용하여 성토가 끝난 직후 간극수압의 증가현상을 설명할 수 있다.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.1167-1184
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• 2015

Despite considerable life casualty and financial loss resulting from past earthquakes, many existing steel buildings are still seismically vulnerable as they have no lateral resistance or at least need some sort of retrofitting. Passive control methods with decreasing seismic demand and increasing ductility reduce rate of vulnerability of structures against earthquakes. One of the most effective and practical passive control methods is to use a shear panel system working as a ductile fuse in the structure. The shear Panel System, SPS, is located vertically between apex of two chevron braces and the flange of the floor beam. Seismic energy is highly dissipated through shear yielding of shear panel web while other elements of the structure remain almost elastic. In this paper, lateral behavior and related benefits of this system with narrow-flange link beams is experimentally investigated in chevron braced simple steel frames. For this purpose, five specimens with IPE (narrow-flange I section) shear panels were examined. All of the specimens showed high ductility and dissipated almost all input energy imposed to the structure. For example, maximum SPS shear distortion of 0.128-0.156 rad, overall ductility of 5.3-7.2, response modification factor of 7.1-11.2, and finally maximum equivalent viscous damping ratio of 35.5-40.2% in the last loading cycle corresponding to an average damping ratio of 26.7-30.6% were obtained. It was also shown that the beam, columns and braces remained elastic as expected. Considering this fact, by just changing the probably damaged shear panel pieces after earthquake, the structure can still be continuously used as another benefit of this proposed retrofitting system without the need to change the floor beam.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.201-207
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• 2004

Dissolved air flotation (DAF) is a solid-liquid separation process that uses fine rising bubbles to remove particles in water. Most of particle-bubble collision occurs in the DAF contact zone. This initial contact considered by the researchers to play a important role for DAF performance. It is hard to make up conceptual model through simple mass balance for estimating collision efficiency in the contact zone because coupled behavior of the solid-liquid-gas phase in DAF system is 90 complicate. In this study, 2-phase(gas-liquid) flow equations for the conservation of mass, momentum and turbulence quantities were solved using an Eulerian-Eulerian approach based on the assumption that very small particle is applied in the DAF system. For the modeling of turbulent 2-phase flow in the reactor, the standard $k-{\varepsilon}$ mode I(liquid phase) and zero-equation(gas phase) were used in CFD code because it is widely accepted and the coefficients for the model are well established. Particle-bubble collision efficiency was calculated using predicted turbulent energy dissipation rate and gas volume fraction. As the result of this study, the authors concluded that bubble size and recycle ratio play important role for flow pattern change in the reactor. Predicted collision efficiency using CFD showed good agreement with measured removal efficiency in the contact zone. Also, simulation results indicated that collision efficiency at 15% recycle ratio is higher than that of 10% and showed increasing tendency of the collision efficiency according to the decrease of the bubble size.

• 한국수자원학회논문집
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• 제50권9호
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• pp.637-646
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• 2017

본 연구에서는 중층 밀도류를 모의할 수 있는 $k-{\varepsilon}$ 난류모형의 지배방정식을 제시하고 수치모의를 수행하였다. 깊은 수체에 모형을 적용하여 중층 밀도류를 모의하고 게산된 유속과 초과밀도 분포를 분석하였다. 밀도류의 주 흐름방향을 따라 물 연행으로 인해 유속이 감소되는 것과 Richardson 수의 증가로 인해 유속 변화율이 감소되는 것을 관찰하였다. 유속과 초과밀도의 유사성을 확인하였으나, 난류운동에너지와 소산율의 유사성에서는 보이지 않았다. $k-{\varepsilon}$ 모형의 모의 결과를 이용하여 중층 밀도류의 층적분 모형에서 사용될 수 있는 형상계수를 계산하였다. 또한, 층적분 모형을 이용하여 $k-{\varepsilon}$ 모형에서 사용되는 부력관련 모형상수 ($c_{3{\varepsilon}}$)와 부피팽창계수 (${\beta}_0$)를 계산하였다.

• 대한전자공학회논문지SD
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• 제40권5호
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• pp.312-320
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• 2003

본 논문에서는 고속 평판 디스플레이 응용을 위한 8b 200 MHz 0.18 um CMOS A/D 변환기 (Analog-to-Digital Converter:ADC)를 제안한다. 제안하는 A/D 변환기는 200 MHz의 샘플링 클럭 속도에서 샘플링 클럭 속도보다 더 높은 입력 대역폭을 얻기 위해서 개선된 bootstrapping 기법을 사용한다. Bootstrapping 기법이 적용된 샘플-앤-흘드 증폭기(Sample-and-Hold Amplifier. SHA)는 기존의 회로 보다 향상된 정확도를 가지며, 1.7 V의 전원 전압, 200 MHz의 샘플링 클럭, 500 MHz의 정현파 입력에서 SHA의 출력을 FFT(Fast Fourier Transform) 분석한 결과 7.2 비트의 유효 비트 수(effective number of bits)를 나타내었다. 또한 병합 캐패시터 스위칭 (Merged-Capacitor Switching:MCS) 기법을 사용하여 기존의 A/D 변환기에 사용되는 캐패시터의 숫자를 50 % 줄임으로써 샘플링 속도를 높임과 동시에 면적을 최소화하였다. 제안하는 40 변환기는 0.18 um n-well single-poly quad-metal CMOS 공정을 사용하여 모의 실험 되었으며, 1.7 V 전원 전압, 200 MHz의 샘플링 클럭에서 73 mW의 전력을 소모한다.

• International Journal of Human Ecology
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.1-9
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• 2015

This study investigated the effects of persimmon-dyed clothing materials upon thermophysiological responses and subjective comfort sensations during exercise and rest in a warm environment. Six healthy, untrained women participated in two separate testing sessions, with cotton materials dyed with astringent persimmon extract (DC) and undyed cotton materials (UDC). The physical characteristics associated with heat and moisture transfer were improved in DC; also, stiffness, anti-drapery stiffness and crispness in the primary hand values were higher in DC. The experimental protocol consisted of a 10-min rest, 15-min exercise on a treadmill (at ${7km{\cdot}h^{-1}}$) and 25-min recovery at $28{\pm}0.2^{\circ}C$ and $50{\pm}3%\;RH$. The results were as follows: When wearing DC rather than UDC, mean body temperature, heart rate, heat storage and body mass loss were significantly lower during the whole experimental period. Clothing microclimate temperature showed different profiles between the two clothing materials, being lower with DC than UDC during the first half of exercise and the second half of recovery. Clothing microclimate humidity was significantly lower with DC than UDC during the whole experimental period. When wearing UDC, subjects felt significantly warmer and less comfortable during exercise, and sensed greater humidity during exercise and recovery. These results suggest that eco-friendly clothing materials dyed with astringent persimmon extract can reduce exercise-induced heat load and improve subjective sensations when exercising and resting in a warm environment, due to greater heat dissipation from the body to the outside environment compared with undyed clothing materials.

• 한국해양공학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.59-68
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• 2013

Because of the recent increase in maritime cargo capacity, the production and price of crude oil have been rising. As oil prices have risen, many problems have occurred in the industry. To solve these problems, marine resources are being actively developed, and there has been an increase in the orders for special vessels and marine structures for the development of marine resources. However, consequently, various kinds of accidents have also occurred in these special vessels and structures. One of the major types of accidents involves fire and explosion, which cause many casualties and property damage. Therefore, various studies to estimate and prevent such accidents have been carried out. In this study, as basic research for the prevention of fire and explosion, numerical simulations on combustion were carried out by using a commercial grid generation program, Gridgen, and a CFD program, ANSYS-CFX. The influences of some parameters, such as the grid system, turbulence model, turbulent dissipation rate, and so on, on the simulation results were investigated, and optimum ones were chosen. It was found that the present results adopting these parameters agreed moderately well with other experimental and numerical ones.

• 정보와 통신
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• 제15권9호
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• pp.97-106
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• 1998

태양면의 교란으로 야기되는 지구근방 우주환경의 변화는 인류에게 막대한 사회경제적인 손실을 유발하므로 이를 예측하는 것은 매우 중요한 일이다. 본 연구에서 도입한 자기폭풍 예보코드는 이러한 변화양상을 지자기활동지수인 AE 및 Dst, 극관횡단전위차, 극지방전리층에서 소모되는 에너지 그리고 여기에 수반되는 열권의 온도상승 등의 형태로 예보하도록 고안되었다. 본 예보코드는 플레어 관측으로부터 태양풍 그리고 행성간자기장을 예측하는 부분과 추정된 태양풍파라미터로 표현되는 태양풍-자기권상호작용함수인 $\varepsilon$으로부터 상기 물리량들은 추정하는 부분으로 나누어져 있다. 1993년 11월 초에 발생한 자기폭풍에 이 예보코드를 적용하여 그 결과를 일본인공위성인 Geotail에 의한 태양풍관측결과와 지자기관측소에서 얻은 지자기 활동지수들과 비교하였다. 비록 많은 부분에서 아직 개선되어야할 여지가 발견되었지만 태양 플레어로 야기되는 지구근방 우주환경에 교란상태를 예측하는데 근사적이지만 본 예보모델이 사용될 수 있음을 확인하였다.