• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.9
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• pp.277-298
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• 1997

Air transportation industry was established on a basis of liability limitation from the outset. Many treaties, however, had to be drafted since 1960' s to meet the need of the Unites States, who argued full compensation without limitation like other torts cases, but most of them were in vain. The Japanese Initiative in 1992, though being aimed to lower a level of compensation in air crash cases to that of other transportation accidents, showed a way to the U.S. how to solve the issue. Instead of obtaining an multilateral agreement through ICAO, the U.S. persuaded IATA to organize intercarrier consensus for voluntary waive the limitation. IATA succeeded in adopting Intercarrier Liability Agreement in 1995, in which carriers agreed not to use Warsaw limitation and accepted strict liability up to 100,000SDRs. Through a series of negotiation to implement the Intercarrier agreement, US DOT tried to insert a domicile standard provision to the agreement which enable US victims to be compensated according to the law of the U.S. regardless of the situation. IATA opposed the intent aggressively. The U.S. set back to the starting point remaining issues for further discussion. The liability limitation under the Warsaw system is being collapsed. It is the result of a simple logic; liability limitation cannot be maintained without appropriate compensation.

• Journal of Science Education
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.231-243
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to compare the duplication problem of achievement standards between science and other subjects in the 2009 Revised National Curriculum and to search for solutions and implications for this problem. From the results of this study, we found that the achievement standards of practical arts, social studies, physical education and ethics were overlapped with science's ones. The duplication of content elements for 'our body and health', 'living things and environment', 'biodiversity' and 'natural disaster' categories was not high, that is, their achievement standards were relatively well-differentiated and reflected the intrinsic characteristic of each subject under common topics. But, in case of 'reproduction and development' and 'world of technology' categories, the problem of duplications was serious. In order to cope with this problem, we need to consider solutions such as merging or integrating the achievement standards of related subjects. The relevant experts should conduct in-depth discussion and negotiation, and develop achievement standards more consistent with the identity of each subject.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.10 no.10
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• pp.128-139
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• 2010

Since the revised enforcement ordinance of the broadcasting legislation, Product Placement that was introduced in May, 2010 has expanded the stable income of broadcasting contents and broadcasting advertising industry, and improved the quality of the broadcasting contents and its service. However, as a result of Product Placement enforcement for the past 3 months, it reveals many problems, and is blamed for being unable to meet the intent of the law. Accordingly, Product Placement is not established properly. Thus, it is required to improve the detailed action plan for revitalization of Broadcasting Contents and Broadcasting Advertising Industry as originally intended. For example, the outsourcing production company involved in producing programs like dramas and the broadcaster have failed to reach negotiation on distributing proportion and it is keenly in need of its related study. This study is to cover the current status and the problems of introducing Product Placement, and is expected to provide the policy implications and the practical lessons. However, it displays limits that it ends in exploring and policy debate. It is henceforth expected to continue various studies of measuring the effectiveness, strategy, creative, and so forth based on discussion of introducing Product Placement.

• Journal of Educational Research in Mathematics
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.463-483
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• 2003

In the learning of mathematics, students experience the semiotic activities of representing and interpreting mathematical signs. We called these activities as the representing and interpreting of mathematical signs. On the foundation of Peirce's three elements of the sign, we analysed that students constructed the representamen to interpret the concept of correlation as for the object, "as one is taller, one's size of foot is larger" 4 middle school students who participated the gifted center in Seoul, arranged the statistical data, constructed their own representamen, and then learned the conventional signs as a result of the whole class discussion. In the process, students performed the detailed representing and interpreting of signs, depended on the templates of the known signs, and interpreted the process voluntarily. As the semiotic activities were taken place in this way, it was needed that mathematics teacher guided the representing and interpreting of mathematical signs so that the representation and the meaning of the sign were constructed each other, and that students endeavored to get the negotiation of the interpretants and the representamens, and to reach the conventional representing.

• Korean journal of communication and information
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• v.78
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• pp.79-115
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• 2016

This study, by proposing a case study of community radio, attempts to expand the horizon of academic and social discussion on the medium that has been disproportionately skewed towards discourses on alternative media, technology, and programming content. As residents of local community actively participate in the production process, they reconstruct their cultural identities. In that sense, community radio is a medium that makes it possible the re-negotiation and reconfiguration of cultural identities of local residents. That is to say, a case study on the specific ways in which community residents appropriate community radio in reconstructing their identities offers us some entry points where we may come up with a new perspective on the identity of community radio. The results of fieldwork show that community radio, as it is closely intertwined with the residents' participatory cultural practices, is a medium of 'lived culture' -i.e., a medium that contributes to the making of civility, communitarianism, and social network. Community radio, then, may be redefined as an interactive medium that contributes to the formation of social rapport and solidarity.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.239-264
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• 2006

Globalization of business activities and the market is making intern ational movement of capital much freer. Therefore the introduction of global standard is inevitable. Each and every country has had its own standard which restrain free exchange and cause misunderstanding and conflict between countries. A country or a company which is not capable of meeting the global standard can not be accepted in the global market. Consequently, it will eventually be left behind. It is right to say that countries and companies should accept the global standard and abide by it to survive in the competitive global market. The following preface which was introduced in the international conference co_organised by BAC, FTCTC and Tsinghua University in May, 2004 shows a timely movement for the globalization of construction business. *B A C, Beijing Arbitration Commission *FTCTC, The FIDIC-Tsinghua-CNAEC Training Center *CNAEC, China National Association of Engineering Consultants Introduction, As arbitration becomes more and more popular in the ways of alternative disputes resolution all over the world, the BAC is devoted to promoting international arbitration in China. As FIDIC contracts constitute an accepted point of reference for international construction contract, the BAC, characteristic of construction projects, is willing to facilitate the FIDIC contracts as the referred construction contracts in China. In order to carry out its purposes, the BAC, together with FTCTC is going to convene for discussion of dispute resolution and arbitration of international construction projects. FIDIC, construction contract management guide, explains arbitration as the ultimate dispute resolution method. The detail of FIDIC will be suggested in this essay.

• Journal of Educational Research in Mathematics
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.173-188
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• 2016

Research on didactic transposition in mathematics education has about 25-year and about 35-year long history in and out of Korea, respectively. This study attempts to investigate in trends of those research and to suggest tasks needed to be tackled. Major findings are followed. First, studies done in Korea tended to focus on the application of the didactic transposition theory for proving its effectiveness in understanding mathematics textbooks and mathematics lessons in-depth. It is suggested to conduct meta-analysis of the accumulated results or analysis of further applications of the didactic transposition theory to improve theoretical aspects of didactic transposition. Second, new categories for extreme teaching phenomenon were found and new typology in knowledge to be considered in the didactic transposition was developed in a few studies done in other subject matter education. Application of these to mathematics education may enhance research in didactic transposition of mathematical knowledge. Third, praxeology or a complex of praxeology for Korean school mathematics should be explored as did in other countries. Fourth, there have been rich attempts to link perspectives in didactic transposition to other perspectives or fields such as anthropology, human and education in technology era, praxeology theory in economics, epistemology in other countries but not in Korea. It is suggested to extend the scope of discussion on didactic transposition and to relate various concepts given in other disciplines. Fifth, clarification or negotiation of meaning for the main terms used in the discussion on didactic transposition such as personalization, contextualization, depersonalization, decontextualization, Topaze Effect, Meta-Cognitive Shift is suggested by comparing researchers' various descriptions or uses of the terms.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.38-47
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• 2003

Distributed problem solving is the cooperative solution of problem by a decentralized and loosely couped collection of knowledge-sources (KS's), located in a number of distinct processor nodes. The contract net protocol has been developed to specify problem-solving communication and control for nodes in a distributed problem solver. Task distribution is affected by a negotiation process, a discussion carried on between nodes with tasks to be executed and nodes that may be able to execute tasks In this paper, we present the coordination method among distributed intrusion detection system and firewall by the contract net protocol. The method enhances the intrusion detection performance and provides the communication methods. To mode IDS and firewall, security models hue been hierarchically constructed based on the DEVS (Discrete Event system Specification) formalism. Each ID agent cooperates through the contract net protocol for detecting intrusions. The IDS which detects the intrusion informs to firewall, so the harmful network traffic is blocked. If an agent detects infusions, the agent transfers attacker's information to a firewall. Using this mechanism attacker's packets detected by In can be prevented from damaging the network.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute Of Construction Engineering and Management
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• 2007.11a
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• pp.535-538
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• 2007

Since 1980s, the government has established the overall country development master plan for balance development of country, it set basic aim of restraint overcrowding of the metropolitan area and devising a regional balance development for development policy. But, new urban development master plan which if propelled has revised development master plan for stabilization of housing cost through supply housing in the metropolitan area, not reviewed discussion suitability of development plan with policy propulsion, efficient pre-plan, negotiation with local self-administration community, convergence opinion of local resident, environmental impact evaluation. therefore, we should suggest considerations related to policy and development when it propelled solution of housing inefficience in the metropolitan area and new urban development policy for harmony of central function in capital.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.76-82
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• 2001

In this study, the effects of grouping method (homogeneous/ heterogeneous) considering students' teamwork skills on their conceptual understanding, perceptions of science learning environments, communication anxiety, communication ability, and perceptions toward small group discussions were compared. Students were taught concerning changes of states, density, and dissolution for 9 class periods. The ANCOVA results indicated that there was no significant difference in the conceptions test scores. In the subcategory of 'students' negotiation' of the perceptions of science learning environments test, high teamwork skill students perceived more positively in the heterogeneous group, but low teamwork skill students in the homogeneous group. No significant differences were found in the communication anxiety. More students in the heterogeneous group perceived unequal participation as a disadvantage of the small group discussions than those in the homogeneous group.