• Communications of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.17-29
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• 2022

A commutative ring with unity R is called an EM-ring if for any finitely generated ideal I there exist a in R and a finitely generated ideal J with Ann(J) = 0 and I = aJ. In this article it is proved that C(X) is an EM-ring if and only if for each U ∈ Coz (X), and each g ∈ C^* (U) there is V ∈ Coz (X) such that U ⊆ V, ${\bar{V}}=X$, and g is continuously extendable on V. Such a space is called an EM-space. It is shown that EM-spaces include a large class of spaces as F-spaces and cozero complemented spaces. It is proved among other results that X is an EM-space if and only if the Stone-Čech compactification of X is.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.21 no.12
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• pp.765-790
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• 2021

The affection-image is the close-up of the face with real connections in space-time, or with virtual conjunction, outside spatio-temporal co-ordinates. The close-up can carry its own space-time in background. with deframing and fragmentation, Space itself has left behind its own space-time connection and become any-space-whatever that is the affection-image. The elements of any-space-whatever are the shadows, lyrical abstraction, the colors, the disconnected parts, the empty space. Deleuze examines any-space-whatever through the close ups, fragmentation of space and de-framing in Dreyer and Bresson's cinema.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.72-82
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• 2014

The Contemporary paradigm to understand the complexity and diversity is moving to 'Becoming' that taken place in reviewing at the relation of various concepts. In Japan, After the collapse of modern architecture has been declared 'Metabolism' was appeared. They tried to apply organism's metabolic system to buildings based on ecological thoughts. But Metaboilsm's projects had revealed limitations of representation that the city on the mechanical system became a huge scale. As a result, It caused a break the cultural context of the region in Japan. After then, Japanese Architects expressed a pluralistic aspects of modern society for the restoration of disconnected cultural context. From this perspective, The thought of 'becoming' is a new role for Contemporary Japanese Architect. This research is focused of projects of SANAA, Ito Toyo, Sou Fujimoto, because they have spatial thought about realizing the space through the ways organizing the various potential possibilities in the simple external form not stimulated. They are realize the 'becoming-space' within the architecture. This 'becoming-space' gives people in building the new characteristics and experience that potential interactions among user, architecture and nature. It is non-representational space not fixed, but changing organically and variably.

• Bulletin of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.91-102
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• 1986

A topological space (X,.tau.) is called invertible [7] if for each proper open set U in (X,.tau.) there exists a homoemorphsim h:(X,.tau.).rarw.(X,.tau.) such that h(X-U).contnd.U. Doyle and Hocking [7] and Levine [13], as well as others have investigated properties of invertible spaces. Recently, Crosseley and Hildebrand [5] have introduced the concept of semi-invertibility, which is weaker than that of invertibility, by replacing "homemorphism" in the definition of invertibility with "semihomemorphism", A space (X,.tau.) is said to be semi-invertible if for each proper semi-open set U in (X,.tau.) there exists a semihomemorphism h:(X,.tau.).rarw.(X,.tau.) such that h(X-U).contnd.U. The purpose of the present article is to introduce the class of almost-invertible spaces containing the class of semi-invertible spaces and to investigate its properties. One of the primary concerns will be to determine when a given local property in an almost-invertible space is also a global property. We point out that many of the results obtained can be applied in the cases of semi-invertible spaces and invertible spaces. For example, it is shown that if an invertible space (X,.tau.) has a nonempty open subset U which is, as a subspace, H-closed (resp. lightly compact, pseudocompact, S-closed, Urysohn, Urysohn-closed, extremally disconnected), then so is (X,.tau.).hen so is (X,.tau.).

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.67-77
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• 2015

This study is to contemplate an ultimate goal and new methodology the architecture and space design community should pursue forward by analyzing concepts in Kengo Kuma's idea of "Anti-object" and examining his design methods and characteristics. To this end, I reviewed space design methods and features in his book of "Anti-Object" and his architectures built around in 2000. The result is as in the followings. (1) Contact is an essential concept of "Anti-object" to connect and integrate divided materials and consciousness with time and space. (2) Elimination is a meaningful way to reverse "cohesiveness" of agglomerated cluster which is a form of object and reconstruct it into the form of passive and acceptive "Anti-object". This idea is realized through overlap of material property and removal of massing. (3) Minimization is a concept of "Anti-object" to set the temporality free from constraints of materials. Three-dimensional transparent faces and lines or patterns of porous materials can be used to remove static and coercive volume. (4) A particle is a "reflector of its environment." It rebuilds one-way or disconnected communication between human and architecture into an interactive one. Kengo Kuma materializes this "particle" by exploring positional relation with physical paths, precise details and measurements.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.63-70
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• 2007

A relationship between the museum display wall composition and the visual spatial configuration is investigated in this study. From the previous research, existing types are classified in order to define the exhibition space of room to room. Based on the classification, an open room to room of art museum is defined as a room to room of museum, and the plane of museums is investigated. With the museums under this study, the wall of a room to room exhibition space as well as the visual spatial configuration are analyzed depending on the location of an opening, centering on the composition of unit space. In addition, two types of spatial composition are compared depending on the location of the opening. One type of spatial composition is lied on a straight line with visual continuity, and the visual line is found to be simple. Whereas, the other type has an invisible configuration between spaces due to a criss-crossed opening, so the space is perceived to be closed and disconnected. When comparing these two types, the advantage and disadvantage of each space are compared. As a result, a similar type and size of unit space are derived. In addition, the ratio of the opening compared to the total wall was found to be uniform, and a distribution of the opening and walls were found.

• Journal of The Korea Institute of Healthcare Architecture
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.7-15
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• 2015

Purpose: The purpose of this study is analyze linkage and spatial and structural characteristics of outpatient department and diagnosis/treatment area of geriatric hospitals based on quantitative analysis, according to function and corridor types. Methods: To examine structural characteristics and correlation of outpatient department and diagnosis/treatment area of six geriatric hospitals according to the corridor type, were systemized according to the function and corridor type and made into a j-graph, and an index was created by using space syntax to understand spatial characteristics. Results: 1) Different functional spaces are connected by a corridor, which, therefore, can be an axis of the connectivity and linkage of functional spaces and an important element in a clear hierarchy. 2) Treatment areas were disconnected from different functional spaces and, therefore, the accessibility was low. Many hospitals had an arrangement plan for treatment and diagnosis areas, and recent hospitals have segmented treatment areas within the rehabilitation space, which resulted in deeper space. 3) In terms of the level of integration, more integrated reception area meant shallower spatial depth, and deeper space for treatment and diagnosis areas. Implications: Spatial relation of outpatient department of geriatric hospitals was analyzed based on characteristics of the elderly.

• The Transactions of the Korea Information Processing Society
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• v.6 no.11S
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• pp.3379-3389
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• 1999

Important network application services have been rapidly increased along with the growth of the Internet. So, it is desirable for such applications to serve transparently, continuously and safely even if the network is temporally disconnected or certain hosts running those services are crashed down. To satisfy such requirementes, many group communication systems have been developed; but, those systems restrict its range within a single LAN or directly interconnected LAN environments since the communication through the Internet is too slow and too unreliable to support group communication. As of now, it is expected the Internet is going to e sufficiently fast and reliable in the near communication system, named FACE(Java Advanced Communication Environment), supporting Extended Virtual which is a basic communication layer, RPGS(Reliable Process Group Service) which manages application process groups, and JACE API for developing Java application services and clients programs. In addition, an experimental replicated object space is developed as an application of the JACE system.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.356-362
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• 2023

Identifying the distribution of species and specific factors related to it is very important because it is habitat conservation that is greatly linked not only to ecological research but also to human health. After all, protecting each one's habitat will protect wildlife and further maintain a healthy ecosystem. Therefore, in this study, data were collected, compared, and analyzed through existing studies and field-oriented surveys. The results of the survey confirmed high species diversity in agricultural areas and forest areas that can reduce moisture supply and moisture loss, and the non-segmental environment, that is, ecological connectivity, was largely influenced by amphibian species diversity. It was confirmed that the non-fragmented environment, that is, ecological connectivity, was greatly affected by amphibian species diversity. In addition, the three factors that affect amphibian survival are: It was identified as the effect of not establishing a buffer space, the effect on the ecological transformation around the habitat during the summer rainy season, and the effect on the disconnected ecological environment.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.167-176
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• 2022

In this paper, the metaverse is viewed as a future space for the living environment of Homo Culturalis. Although the metaverse is perceived as a digital 'virtual' space, it should be understood as an extension of the real space. A human dreams of a reincarnation in the digital space, but a human has a body that cannot be completely separated from the physical environment. This means that human activities are not disconnected from reality and more specifically the human existence ought to be found in the socio-cultural context of reality. If the way of life in Metaverse becomes increasingly common, humans should be able to access this metaverse as a reality. Therefore, in this paper, the metaverse that creates the world of creation, play, and empathy, becomes considered as the world of human life of Homo Culturalis, where the realization of human desires and desires in that world are made.