• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.129-133
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• 2001

The purpose of this study is to examine the property of climatological environment using the daily mean meteorological data measured at the serveral meteorological observatory for 30years(1961~1990). It was found that the distribution of discomfort index tended to mainly depend on the geographical situation in the same season. Major portions of Korea were subjected to continental except for some seaside districts. The discomfort index have a large(small) value in summer(winter) season. And there is a short interval(1 or 2 months) between summer and winter season in Korea.

• 조명전기설비학회논문지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.27-33
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• 2006

건축 실내의 조명환경의 쾌적성을 평가하는 것은 주로 불쾌감을 유발하는 글레어의 정도를 인식하는 것이라 할 수 있다. 현재 국외에서 연구된 불쾌글레어를 평가하기 위한 실험식을 그대로 적용하기에는 글레어의 감각을 느끼는 정도가 인종에 따라 크게 다르게 나타나기 때문에 무리가 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 한국인의 시각적인 특성에 맞는 합리적인 불쾌글레어 평가를 위한 예측식을 작성하는 것을 최종목표로 하였으며 다음과 같이 4단계로 연구를 진행하였다. 첫째, 기존의 불쾌글레어 평가식에 대한 검토를 통해 실험변인들을 선정하였다. 둘째, 본 연구의 목적에 맞는 실험변인과 조건을 제어할 수 있는 실물대모형을 제작하였다. 셋째, 불쾌글레어 평가실험을 실시하였다. 최종적으로, 선행연구에서 서양인을 대상으로 제안된 UGR평가법과의 비교분석을 실시하였다. 연구의 결과를 요약하면, 1)불쾌글레어는 광원휘도, 배경휘도, 피험자와 시선의 위치 등에 크게 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났다. 2)실내 불쾌글레어 평가에서 광원과 피험자간의 거리보다 시야내에 글레어 광원이 위치하는 지의 여부가 더 중대한 영향을 미쳤다. 3)대표적인 불쾌글레어 평가시스템인 UGR과 비교 분석한 결과 다소 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 이것은 한국인의 불쾌글레어감이 서양인과 차이가 있다는 것을 보여준다.

• 대한인간공학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.11-27
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• 2005

The objectives of this study are to analyze representative wrist postures while using hand tools and parts at general assembly processes, to evaluate perceived discomfort on the wrist when external loads are present, and to suggest an evaluation and prediction model of perceived discomfort. Sixteen subjects participated in an experiment to appraise perceived discomfort. Three types of the wrist postures with five levels of non-neutralities were analyzed when five levels of external load were applied to each posture. The ANOVA results showed that the perceived discomfort of wrist postures was significantly affected by both the wrist posture and external load (p$<$0.001). It was also shown that some of the interactions between external loads and the wrist postures(Flexion/$Extension^*$Load, Flexion/$Extension^*$supination/pronation, ulnar/radial $deviation^*$supination/pronation) were significant(p$<$0.001). The result implies that a new posture classification scheme for workload assessment methods may be needed to reflect such effects of external load and wrist posture. A regression model of perceived discomfort was developed with respect to wrist posture and external load from the experimental data. A subsequent experiment revealed that the correlation coefficient between the predicted values of perceived discomfort from the model and the actual values obtained from the experiment was about 0.98. It is expected that the results help to properly estimate the body stress resulting from worker's postures and external loads and can be used as a valuable design guideline to analyze potential hazard of musculoskeletal diseases in industry.

• 임상간호연구
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.345-351
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• 2016

Purpose: The specific aims of this study were to investigate the incidence, time of occurrence, intervention methods and related causes of abdominal discomfort after scoliosis corrective surgery. Methods: A retrospective review was carried out on all patients with diagnosis of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (n=420) who received a posterior spinal fusion between January 2012 and December 2014. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify significant related factors. Results: One hundred eighty five of the patients in the study (44.0%) reported abdominal discomfort (AD group). The discomfort was worst on 2nd days after operation (31.4%), and 3rd days (27.0%). Ninety seven patients (52.4%) in the AD group received enema treatment. Significant related factors for developing abdominal discomfort were distal fusion levels (OR=2.43, p<.006) and increased operative blood loss (OR=1.03, p<.001). Conclusion: The incidence of abdominal discomfort after scoliosis corrective surgery in this study was 44%. Abdominal discomfort, therefore, is a main concern in reference to scoliosis corrective surgery, and solutions need to be searched and reported in future research.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.257-268
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• 1988

The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of the Z-track intramuscular injection technique with the effect of the stand and intramuscular injection technique on the severity of discomfort and leasions at the injection site. The subjects of the study were 20 patients with only early tuber culosis excluding another abnormalities (a akin rash, allergy to topical use of alcohol, jaundice, edema, neurosensory abnormality, coagulation defects, obesity and thin). Data collection was done from Feb. 1 to March 15, 1988 by means of Korean Pain Measurement Tool, Visual Analogue Scale, and Objective measures of injection site lesions. The results of this study were as follows ; 1) Hypothesis 1 ; “The severity of subject discomfort is less following administration of the Z-track intramuscular injection technique than following administra tion injection technique.” was not sopported 2) Hypothesis 2 ; “The degress of severity subject discomfort is less following administration of the Z-track intramuscular injection technique than following administra tion of the standard intramuscular injection technique.” was not supported. 3) Hypothesis 3 ; “The severity of injection site lesions is less following administra tion of the Z-track intramuscular injection technique than following administration of the standard intramuscular injection techniques.” was not supported. 4) The terms that were selected included factor II (mild-moderate pain) of Ratio Scale Measuring Pain using Korean Pain Terms. In conclusion ; it was found that there was not a difference from the severity of subject discomfort between two groups, but the degress of severity of subject discomfort about following administration of the Z-t-rack intramuscular injection was tended to be declined. Therefore further studies suggest that the Z-track intramuscular injection technique can decrease the severity of discomfort in persons receiving frequently intramuscular injections. First of all, it is necessery to be developed an effective tool of discomfort measurement for the intramuscular injection in Korean.

• 모자간호학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.55-69
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• 1992

This study was planned and carried out 1) to identify the general menstrual characteristics, 2) to understand perimenstrual discomfort, menstrual attitude, and sex role acceptance, 3) to investigate the correlation between perimenstrual discomfort, menstrual attitude, sex role acceptance in order to provide basic information about menstruation. The subjects of this study were 313 college women and they were asked to check Menstrual Discomfort questionnaire, Menstrual Attitude Questionnaire, and Role Acceptance Scale. Data were gathered from April 1 to June 24, 1992. The results were as follows : 1) The mean age of the subjects was 19, and the mean age of monarch was 13.6 ranged from 11 to 19. The distribution of menstrual cycle showed a wide variation and the mean cycle was 29.7 days. The duration of menstrual cycle was between 2-8 days, and in 65.8% the amount of menstrual fluid was within normal limit. 2) The frequencies of perimenstrual discomfort was 56.9% when asked to check it on 5 point scale. 3) All scores of perimenstrual discomfort were higher on premenstrual period than intermenstrual period, and higher on menstrual period than premenstrual period. They were statistically significant. 4) In general, the college women perceived menstruation as natural, somewhat bothersome, and not very debilitating or predictable, although they did not deny that menstruation had some effects. 5) The correlation between perimenstrual discomfort and menstrual attitude was significant. 6) The correlation between perimenstrual discomfort and sex role acceptance was significant. 7) The correlation between menstrual attitude and sex role acceptance was significant.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.79-90
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• 2005

The purpose of this study is to find out the wearing conditions and cause of discomfort with shoes for male college students which will provide useful information fur the shoes manufacturer. The questionnaire survey was conducted on 346 male college students on purchasing practices, wearing conditions, and overall satisfaction with shoes. The results were as follows: Male college students have a tendency to have longer buying cycles and buy more expensive shoes compare to high school students. The order of criteria considered fer purchasing was shape, price, style coordination with clothing. The order of criteria considered for purchasing differed according to their major, economic status and purchasing place. Most of them have two pairs of white or black sports shoes and one pair of either black or brown dress shoes. The most popular material was man made leather but college students have more leather shoes than high school students. There were differences between high school students and college students in wearing conditions, how many they have, material and color. The varieties of shoes differed by season. They were satisfied with their shoes' design and color but unsatisfied with qualify or the material and durability of the shoes. Due to the pressure of the shoes, they experienced discomfort such as numbness, blisters on the feet and red skin. They experienced discomfort on the soles of the feet. The causes of discomfort were shape, width, hight of the heel, material and length in order. Dress shoes cause more discomfort than sport shoes due to the hardness of material, and flexibility of the sole. Since the material differed by the price, the degree of discomfort significantly differed by price too.

• 근관절건강학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.40-52
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• 2002

This study was conducted to describe disease characteristics, psycho-social factors and treatment behavior of patients with lupus and to analyze relationships anions these variables. The subjects were consisted of 120 lupus patients at G university hospital in Seoul. Data were collected by means of structured interview with questionnaires, and analyzed by using frequencies, $x^2$test, t-test, ANOVA, and correlation. The results were as follows; 1. The average age of the subjects was 31.34 years and average duration of suffering lupus was about 7.3years. Severity of symptoms was moderate and the disturbance of living activities was at the very low level. 2. Self-efficacy score of lupus patients was high, and life satisfaction was at moderate level. 3. Dosage for most of the subjects was about twice a day. 16.7% of them took non-prescribed medicine and only 27.5% perform exercise. 4. Positive correlation was shown among symptom, discomfort of living activities, self-efficacy and life satisfaction, while there was negative correlation among symptom and self-efficacy, symptom and life satisfaction, discomfort of living activities and self-efficacy, and discomfort of living activities and life satisfaction. In addition, exercise showed significant relationship with discomfort of living activities, and non-prescribed medicine showed significant relationship with discomfort of living activities and self-efficacy. These results show that lupus is a chronic disease of long suffering duration among young people. Severity of the symptom was at modest level, while discomfort of living activities were relatively insignificant. However self-efficacy was relatively high. Furthermore self-efficacy has influences on symptom and discomfort of life activities, just as exercise affects discomfort of life activities. Therefore it is required to examine further measures for continuous exercise.

• 방송공학회논문지
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.738-748
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• 2013

본 연구는 개인의 불편감을 최소로 유지한 상태에서 3D 자극의 깊이를 늘려나가는 수렴 훈련을 통해 시각적 불편감이 감소되는지를 알아보고자 수행되었다. 실험집단은 수렴 훈련에 사용된 자극의 입체시 깊이가 순차적으로 변화하는지 무선적으로 변화하는지에 따라 두 개의 훈련 집단으로 나뉘었다. 수렴 훈련은 약 2주 간격으로 3회 실시되었으며 훈련 집단의 융합영역(fusional range)을 증가시켰다. 수렴 훈련이 시각적 불편감에 미치는 영향을 평가하기 위해 훈련 회기의 전과 후에 3D 영상을 시청하게 한 뒤, 주관적인 시각적 불편감을 설문 문항으로 측정하였다. 실험 결과, 시각적 불편감은 훈련 자극의 깊이를 순차적으로 변화시킨 훈련집단에서 감소하였다. 이러한 결과는 반복된 수렴 훈련이 3D 환경에서 시각적 불편감을 줄이는 데 효과적일 수 있음을 시사한다.

• 대한인간공학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.67-79
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• 2007

The objective of this study is to investigate a perceived discomfort and cause of Korean elderly in various activities such as work and leisure as well as in daily activities. 120 subjects (30 female and 30 male for each age: the young and elderly) participated in the interview type of questionnaire. Each participant answered to 41 items of activities of daily living. The examination of each item was progressed with 3 steps: whether to do the activity or not, degree of activity discomfort, and the reasons or causes of discomfort. Borg's CR10 scale is used to measure the degree of discomfort of daily activities. As a result, there are differences for the proportion of performers between two age groups, except for essential activities such as individual maintenance and housekeeping. The elderly complained about their daily activities more than the young did, and the degree of discomfort of women was significantly larger than that of men with aging. There are seven items, the mean degree of discomfort of which is over three points for the elderly, and they showed significant difference between two age groups. It was the important reason that physical capacities such as muscle strength and suppleness are declined. The results showed the characteristics of Korean elderly in the whole daily activities. These will be used to understand various life styles of them and to propose a field or direction of study related to the aging.