• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.79-103
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• 2007

The main purpose of this study is to define antecedents that influence e-SCM synchronization and to investigate how it affects e-SCM performance. We, therefore, investigate (1) the impact of firms' internal IT planning capabilities on e-SCM synchronization and on SCM process management capability, (2) the impact of firms' internal IT infrastructure on e-SCM synchronization and on SCM process management capability, (3) the impact of firms' internal SCM process management capabilities on e-SCM synchronization, and finally (4) the impact of e-SCM synchronization on SCM performance. A survey has been administrated to the firms' SCM and marketing staffs and 171 returns analyzed. The results show that (1) IT plan has not direct impacts on e-SCM synchronization, but has direct impacts on organizational support, purchasing, and operations processes except logistics process. IT plan, however, has indirect impacts on e-SCM synchronization through purchasing and operations of SCM process management capability. (2) IT infrastructure has both direct and indirect effects on e-SCM synchronization, and also has direct impacts on organizational support, purchasing, and operations processes except logistics process. (3) SCM process management capabilities have direct impacts on e-SCM synchronization. Among these SCM core processes purchasing positively influences operations, which in turn positively influences logistics process management capability. (4) e-SCM synchronization has positive impacts on SCM performance indicator (SCOR), such as delivery reliability, responsiveness & flexibility, and cost. These results indicate that e-SCM synchronization can be critical to achieve better internal performance like cost and external performance like delivery reliability, responsiveness & flexibility of firms' SCM. In sum, this study demonstrates that the intervening role of e-SCM synchronization between e-SCM performance and IT management capability and between e-SCM performance and SCM core process management capability has been significant in achieving better e-SCM performance. Therefore, it can be suggested that e-SCM performance should be accomplished in consequence of the acceleration of e-SCM synchronization through the enhancement of preceding factors for the e-SCM synchronization.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.141-160
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• 2007

Though the brand management of trade shows are increasingly important, there are few studies with this theme. This research studies what factors have an effect on the brand loyalty of trade shows. To this purpose, we conduct empirical study on the relationship among perceived quality, perceived value, image of the trade show with attendee's satisfaction and loyalty of trade show. The results of this study are as follows: (1) Perceived quality has a direct effect on perceived value and satisfaction of trade show and indirect effect on attendee's loyalty of the trade show. (2) Perceived value has a direct effect on attendee's satisfaction and indirect effect on attendee's loyalty of the show. (3) Trade show image has a direct effect on perceived value, attendee's satisfaction and loyalty of the trade show. Especially, image has the greatest effect on attendee's satisfaction and loyalty of the show. This means that the trade show image a critical variable in the brand management of the show.

• Journal of the Korean Operations Research and Management Science Society
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.55-79
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• 2010

This study deals with a model for platform competition in a two-sided market. We suppose there are both direct and indirect network externalities between suppliers and users of each platform. Moreover, we suppose that both users and suppliers are distributed in their relative affinity for each platform type. That is, each user [supplier] has his/her own preferential position toward each platform, and users [suppliers] are horizontally differentiated over [0, 1]. And for analytical tractability, some parameters like direct and indirect network externalities are the same across the markets. Given the parameters and the pricing profile, users and suppliers conduct subscription game, where participants select the platform that gives them the highest payoffs. This game proceeds according to a replicator dynamics of the evolutionary game, which is simplified by properly defining gains from participant's strategy in the subscription game. We find that depending on the strength of these network effects, there might either be multiple stable equilibria, at which users and suppliers distribute across both platforms, or one unstable interior equilibrium corresponding to the market tipping in favor of either platform. In both cases, we also consider the pricing power of competing platform providers under the framework of the Stackelberg game. In particular, our study examines the possible effects of the type of competition between platform providers, which may constrain the equilibrium selection in the subscription game.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.389-400
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• 1999

The purpose of this study is to examine a possibility of applying the ABC system to analyze the cost of nursing service on one obstetrics and gynecology (OB/GYN) unit in a major medical center. The activities of nurses on an OB/GYN unit were analyzed for 4 days for 96 hours. 2 week days and 2 days on weekend. Total cases included in the study were activities of 12 charge nurses and 12 staff nurses. Activities were categorized into direct and indirect activities in order to calculate the cost of activities. Nursing activities were defined multidimesionally in order to utilize the ABC system. The 60 nursing activities were classified into the direct nursing activities and the indirect nursing activities based on a literature review, interview, and survey results. The direct activities were further categorized into the single nursing activities and the multiple nursing activities. The indirect activities were classified into the indirect nursing service activities and the general management activities. The major findings of this study were as follows : 1. There were differences in activities according to the positions and duties of the nurses. The charge nurses mostly performed the indirect nursing service activities and the general management activities. Almost all of their indirect nursing activities spent on each patient were similar. The staff nurses performed the single nursing activities and the multiple nursing activities. 2. The activities of staff nurses included medication, patient assessment, rounding and organizing the unit. patient education, nursing treatment, admission and discharging of patients. There was no differences in types and amount of time spent between the nurses on day-time duty and evening-time duty, but the patient assessment activity increased during the night-time. 3. The cost of post partum nursing services for women who had a normal vaginal delivery using the ABC system included the cost incurred by direct nursing activities provided by the staff nurses (85.9%), indirect nursing activities incurred by the staff nurses(19.0%) and the nursing activities by the charge nurses and the head nurse(14.1%). The ABC system is a relatively new method of cost analysis. The results of this study can provide the nursing and hospital managers with useful information on cost control. It is suggested that more studies should be done using the ABC system and extend the scope of studies to include value analysis to aid the Activity-Based Management(ABM) and/or the reengineering of hospital process.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.49-56
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• 2018

Purpose - The purpose of this study is to provide managerial implications for retail brand managers. Specifically, current study divide donation type into direct donation(e.g., corporate philanthropy) and indirect donation(cause-related marketing) and investigate the donation type on the purchase intention. Also, this research intends to provide the mechanism between the donation type on the purchase intention by showing the mediating role of the consumers' perceived warmth. Moreover, the moderating role of the brand type(non-luxury vs. luxury brand) between the donation type, the warmth perception, and the purchase intention will be examined. Research design, data, and methodology - A total of 174 undergraduate students from a university in Korea were recruited and were randomly assigned to the conditions of a 2(donation type: indirect vs. direct) X 2 (brand type: non-luxury vs. luxury) between-subjects design. The hypotheses were tested using SPSS 21.0. Two-way ANOVA and multiple regression analysis were performed. Results - Empirical results showed that the consumers' perceived warmth was higher in the direct donation condition than the indirect donation condition and moreover this influence of the donation type on the perceived warmth was moderated by the brand type. Specifically, the influence of donation type on the perceived warmth was significant only for luxury brand. And there is an interaction effect of donation type and brand type on the purchase intention. More specifically, the purchase intention for luxury brand was higher in the direct donation condition than the indirect donation condition whereas the purchase intention for non-luxury brand was higher in the indirect donation condition than in the direct donation condition. Conclusions - This research contributed to the CSR literature of retail brand management by showing that the influence of the donation type and the brand type on the purchase intention. Moreover, this study enriched CSR literature by introducing Stereotype Content Model and showing the mediating role of the consumers' perceived warmth. Managerially, these results suggested retail brand managers of non-luxury brand and luxury brand how to select an appropriate type of donation and conduct CSR strategies.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.151-161
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• 2023

Purpose - In this study, we examine the factors related to the asset allocation decisions of individual investors who 1) directly invest in stocks or bonds, 2) indirectly invest in various fund products (excluding CMA and MMF), and 3) invest in both products. Design/methodology/approach - We collect a sample of 3,000 individual investors and investigate the factors influencing investment behavior, especially the diversification tendency in asset allocation, with the "Investor Behavior Survey" that is conducted jointly by the Korea Financial Investment Association and the Korea Gallup Research Institute in 2011 and 2012. Findings - Our regression analyses estimate the marginal effects of various factors such as the amount of total financial assets, monthly income, occupation, age, and gender. The results reveal that male investors with manual labor occupations were less inclined to diversify their investments compared to female investors in office jobs. Additionally, higher monthly income is associated with a greater inclination toward diversification. Therefore, if a positive relationship exists between income and educational level, we may suggest that higher educational levels lead to a greater tendency for diversification. Research implications or Originality - Interestingly, investors who engage in direct investments tend to exhibit a weaker diversification tendency as the amount of their direct investment increases. On the other hand, investors who engage in both direct and indirect investments show a weaker diversification tendency as the amount of total financial assets increases. This suggests that the investment style of investors is closely related to their diversification behavior.

• Korean Management Science Review
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.109-133
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• 2005

The exponential growth of the on-line shopping mall has been the advent of buying and selling products and services over the internet. In these circumstances, this paper presents the importance of understanding and managing the purchasing behavior of on-line shopping mall customers. The main purpose of this research is to find out the antecedents of customer trust and to conceptualize and investigate the relationship between endogenous mediating variables(such as customer trust, attitude, loyalty, relationship involvement) and purchasing and/or repurchasing intention in internet shopping mall. The empirical findings are as follows : First, the three antecedents of customer trust( EC system characteristics, psychological propensity, and trustworthiness) had the positive effects on the formation of site trust. Second, we found out that there were direct or indirect relationships between the mediating variables and on-line purchasing and/or repurchasing intention. In Particular, the direct effects of customer attitude on customer loyalty and buying intention were rejected, but the indirect effects through relationship involvement were accepted. This means that the relationship marketing is probably more important for the success of internet shopping mall Third, there were no direct relationship between the mediating variables and the repurchasing intention, but most researches in the brick and mortar, the proposition are supported. This implies that repurchasing intention was intensified by the indirect path, such as site trust $\longrightarroe$ attitude $\longrightarroe$ involvement $\longrightarroe$ loyalty $\longrightarroe$ purchasing intention $\longrightarroe$ repurchasing intention. So, the internet marketers must make an effort not only to strengthen the direct casual linkage between them but also to consolidate the indirect connections leading to boost purchasing and repurchasing intention.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.95-111
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• 2010

The purposes of this study were to show general trends in the aspects of psychological family environment (parental communication), peer factor, academic performance factor, depression perceived by adolescents and to examine possible changes in such trends in accordance with demographic variables and the family structure environment (parental marital status, family economic status, and parents' education level), and then to determine the effect of these variables on adolescents' depression. The subjects were 1009 middle and high school students in Seoul and Gyeonggi province. The main results were as follows: 1) Paternal communication was significantly lower in technical high school students, divorced/ separated parents, and families of lower economic status. Maternal communication was significantly lower in male students, divorced/sepa-rated parents, and families of lower economic status. Academic performance problems was significantly higher in males, technical high school students, divorced/ separated parents, families of lower economic status, and a less educated father. Peer relations was significantly lower in students of divorced / separated parents, and of families of lower economic status. Depression was significantly higher in technical high school students, divorced / separated parents, and families of lower economic status. 2) In the case of male students, paternal communication had both a direct and an indirect negative effect through peer relations on depression, while academic performance problems had both a direct and an indirect positive effect through peer relations on depression. Both peer relations and maternal communication had a positive and a negative direct effect on depression. School grade had both a direct and an indirect negative effect through paternal communication on depression. Parental marital status(divorced or separated) had both a direct and an indirect positive effect through academic performance problems on depression. Family economic status had only an indirect effect on discussed.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.231-237
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• 2010

With increased chemical and economic development activities in upstream areas, the amounts of pollutants released have increased, and as such, so has the need for positive management of water supply source areas. Although more than 90% of the water supply sources in Korea depend on direct intake from surface water, the interest in indirect intake, such as riverbank filtration water, has recently risen, with some local governments currently undertaking indirect intake. Even in cases of indirect intake, water supply source protection zones need to be assigned for the comprehensive control of pollutants. To establish water quality protection zones for indirect intake, the scope of the protection zones needed to reflect the hydrological features of the water-bearing deposits of each site. Water source protection areas were estimated and presented as the 1st (within a 100 m radius from an intake well) and 2nd (within a 2 km radius from an intake well) zones. The 1st zone was more sensitive; hence, the installation of various facilities should be prohibited, and the area should be regarded as off-limits. For the 2nd zone, appropriate management should prohibit and restrict activities already present in the water source protection zone.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.63-75
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• 2006

Purpose: This study was aimed to specify roles of nurses from the anesthesia and recovery room by analyzing nursing activities as well as anesthesia nursing during surgery. Method: The objects were 12 RNs working in the recovery room of a university hospital located in Incheon. Self-report was performed by measuring stop-watch for five days from May 17th to May 21st in 2004. Research method was designed to record the time and frequency of the nursing activity from anesthesia and recovery room based on nurses' statement and other references for five days. The data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, ANOVA, and t-test via SPSS Win 10.0 program. Result: Nursing activities in anesthesia recovery room were classified into two different characteristics such as direct and indirect nursing activity. The activities consisted of 11 direct nursing areas and 39 nursing activities in anesthesia preparation room. The indirect nursing was classified into 8 nursing areas and 32 nursing activities. The direct nursing was classified into 12 nursing areas and 55 nursing activity. Also, the indirect nursing was classified into 7 nursing areas and 21 nursing activities in recovery room. In terms of prevalence of nursing activities in the anesthesia preparation room, observation and cooperation of anesthesia was the most prevalent activity, drug and eqipment management the second prevalent, and drug administration the third. On the other hand, in the recovery room, the most prevalent activity was vital sign checking and observation, the second most prevalent activity informative activity, and the third body temperature control. Nursing activity time was recorded according to the nursing characteristics. In the anesthesia preparation room, the direct nursing spent for 8092.20 minutes was larger than the indirect nursing spent for 7198.50 minutes. Also, in the recovery room, the direct nursing spent for 2361.16 minutes was larger than the indirect nursing spent for 1134.13 minutes. 4. Nursing activity time was compared to duty shifts. In the anesthesia preparation room, the direct nursing was more prevalent on day shift and the indirect nursing was prevalent on evening shift. However, in the recovery room, both direct and indirect nursing activities were prevalent on day shift. Conclusion: The role of anesthesia and recovery room nurses was analysed according to the time, frequency, and its characteristics.