• 제목/요약/키워드: digestion method

검색결과 555건 처리시간 0.025초

페놀이 첨가된 생태계에서 세균 군집구조 변화의 분석 (Characterization of Bacterial Community in the Ecosystem Amended with Phenol)

  • 김진복;김치경;안태석;송홍규;이동훈
    • 미생물학회지
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    • 제37권1호
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    • pp.72-79
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    • 2001
  • 폐수 처리장의 방류수에 페놀을 첨가한 후 terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) 방법을 이용하여 세균군집의 구조와 변화를 조사하였다. 시료로부터 얻은 16S rRNA gene은 eubacterial primer로 증폭하였으며, 한 primer는 5'말단에 biotin을 부착하였다. 증폭된 product는 HaeIII와 AluI으로 각각 절단하였고, 절단된 단편 중에서 terminal restriction fragment (T-RF)를 streptavidin paramagnetic particle을 이용하여 분리하였다. 분리된 T-RF는 전기영동과 silver staining을 통하여 확인하였다. 본 실험의 유용성을 검증하기 위하여 표준 균주 10 균주를 대상으로 실험하였고, 균주마다 특징적인 T-RF를 가지는 것과 그 크기가 Ribosomal database project (RDP) 자료로부터 계산된 결과와 일치하는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 한편, 대조군으로 사용된 페놀을 첨가하지 않은 방류수 시료에서는 Acinetobacter, Bacillus, Pseudomonas 속 등이 우점종을 차지하고 있었고, 페놀 (최종농도 250mg.$l^{-1}$)을 첨가한 방류수 시료에서는 Acinetobacter, Comamonas, Cytophaga, Pseudomonas 속 등이 우점종을 차지함을 알 수 있었다. Gel에서 분리한 Acinetobacter와 Cytophaga에 해당되는 T-RF는 재증폭 및 염기 서열 분석이 가능하였는데, database의 염기서열과 비교한 결과 Acinetobacter junii와 유연관계가 가깝다는 것을 확인하였다.

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설문지를 이용한 암환자의 동반 자각 증상에 관한 연구 - 홍삼투여 인체적용시험에 참여한 48명 환자를 중심으로 - (Research on Subjective Symptoms of Cancer Patients Using Questionnaire - Based on the 48 Patients Who Have Participated in Clinical Trial about Korean Red Ginseng -)

  • 김은정;정찬영;김갑성;이승덕
    • 대한한의학회지
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    • 제33권3호
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    • pp.1-9
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    • 2012
  • Objectives: This research was aimed 1) to find out various subjective symptoms cancer patients had, 2) to find out the quantitative difference of symptoms occurring according to the area of cancer, current treatment methods, and relapse of the cancer and 3) to analyze the relationship between the occurrence of symptoms. Methods: This study was a survey about the various subjective symptoms cancer patients had. The subjects were 48 cancer patients in a double-blinded randomized controlled trial about the effectiveness of Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) treatments. Surveys were examined before Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) treatments. The questionnaire consisted of demographic research, patient history and accompanying symptoms. The symptoms part consisted of 4 questions on general symptoms (vertigo, hot flush, rash, insomnia), 2 questions on digestion symptoms (anorexia, dyspepsia), 2 questions on excretions (diarrhea, constipation), and 5 questions on symptoms in different body parts (headache, dryness of lips, chest pain, aphthous ulcer, nose bleeding). The questionnaire was used to research presence of symptoms and relationships between the occurrence of symptoms. Results: A total of 48 patients took part in this survey. Dizziness was the most frequent subjective symptom patients had (64.58%), followed by dry mouth (43.75%), headache (43.75%), insomnia (41.67%), anorexia (37.5%) and chest discomfort (37.5%). The presence of these subjective symptoms was partially related to the patient's history details - type of cancer, method of cancer treatment (chemotherapy, radiotherapy), termination of treatment, presence of pain, fatigue and recurrence, etc. Factor analysis was conducted to analyze the relationship between the occurrence of symptoms. It suggested 5 factors as a result, but there was a limitation that only a low level of correlation was shown among them. Conclusions: We were able to analyze the occurrences and the relationships among them for accompanying subjective symptoms in cancer patients. However the results of the study are limited in that only 48 patients participated. The symptoms in cancer patients showed a tendency for clustering, occurring simultaneously or continuously rather than occurring alone. The study of these symptom clusters is worth further study, for it is similar to the Symptom Differentiation System in Traditional Korean Medicine. For effective approach to the treatment of cancer in Traditional Korean Medicine, further research on the Korean traditional view of cancer patients should be done based on this research, regarding various symptoms and those relationships on a larger scale.

Dynamic changes of yak (Bos grunniens) gut microbiota during growth revealed by polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and metagenomics

  • Nie, Yuanyang;Zhou, Zhiwei;Guan, Jiuqiang;Xia, Baixue;Luo, Xiaolin;Yang, Yang;Fu, Yu;Sun, Qun
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • 제30권7호
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    • pp.957-966
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    • 2017
  • Objective: To understand the dynamic structure, function, and influence on nutrient metabolism in hosts, it was crucial to assess the genetic potential of gut microbial community in yaks of different ages. Methods: The denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) profiles and Illumina-based metagenomic sequencing on colon contents of 15 semi-domestic yaks were investigated. Unweighted pairwise grouping method with mathematical averages (UPGMA) clustering and principal component analysis (PCA) were used to analyze the DGGE fingerprint. The Illumina sequences were assembled, predicted to genes and functionally annotated, and then classified by querying protein sequences of the genes against the Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) database. Results: Metagenomic sequencing showed that more than 85% of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequences belonged to the phylum Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, indicating that the family Ruminococcaceae (46.5%), Rikenellaceae (11.3%), Lachnospiraceae (10.0%), and Bacteroidaceae (6.3%) were dominant gut microbes. Over 50% of non-rRNA gene sequences represented the metabolic pathways of amino acids (14.4%), proteins (12.3%), sugars (11.9%), nucleotides (6.8%), lipids (1.7%), xenobiotics (1.4%), coenzymes, and vitamins (3.6%). Gene functional classification showed that most of enzyme-coding genes were related to cellulose digestion and amino acids metabolic pathways. Conclusion: Yaks' age had a substantial effect on gut microbial composition. Comparative metagenomics of gut microbiota in 0.5-, 1.5-, and 2.5-year-old yaks revealed that the abundance of the class Clostridia, Bacteroidia, and Lentisphaeria, as well as the phylum Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Lentisphaerae, Tenericutes, and Cyanobacteria, varied more greatly during yaks' growth, especially in young animals (0.5 and 1.5 years old). Gut microbes, including Bacteroides, Clostridium, and Lentisphaeria, make a contribution to the energy metabolism and synthesis of amino acid, which are essential to the normal growth of yaks.

유기성폐기물의 회분식 혐기성 최종생분해도와 다중분해속도 해석 (Determination of Ultimate Biodegradability and Multiple Decay Rate Coefficients in Anaerobic Batch Degradation of Organic Wastes)

  • 강호;신경숙
    • 대한환경공학회지
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    • 제27권5호
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    • pp.555-561
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    • 2005
  • 본 연구에서는 유기성폐기물의 최종생분해도를 평가하여 혐기소화조의 정확한 효율평가를 위한 기초자료를 확보하고 유기물의 분해경향을 보다 정확히 평가할 수 있는 다중 분해속도분석(Multiple k analysis)기법을 개발하여 다중 분해속도상수와 각각의 분해속도에 관여하고 있는 기질의 분율을 산정하려는데 목적이 있다. 연구 결과 폐활성슬러지의 최종생분해도는 50%, 농축슬러지는 40%로 평가되어 85%내외의 생분해도를 나타낸 Sorghum이나 Swine Waste에 비해 현저히 낮았다. 활성슬러지의 경우 생분해가능한 기질의 71%가 22일내에 초기분해속도상수 $k_1$인, $0.151\;day^{-1}$로 빠르게 분해되고 그 이후로 남아 있는 29%의 기질이 분해속도상수 $k_2$인, $0.021\;day^{-1}$로 아주 느리게 분해되었다. 반면 농축슬러지의 경우는 기질의 39%만이 $k_1$인, $0.123\;day^{-1}$로 빠르게 분해되었으며 60% 이상이 $k_2$인, $0.001\;day^{-1}$로 매우 느리게 분해되었다. 한편 Sorghum은 초기분해속도상수($k_1$)인 $0.248{\sim}0.358\;day^{-1}$ 범위로 기질의 약 90%($S_1$)가 16일 이내에 빠르게 분해되었으며 축분의 경우 $k_1$인, $0.155{\sim}0.209\;day^{-1}$ 범위로 기질의 $84{\sim}91%(S_1)$가 14일 이내에 빠르게 분해됨을 알 수 있다. 따라서 Multi k Analysis방법을 이용하여 도출된 하수 슬러지의 분해속도상수와 기질의 분율 및 분해패턴을 토대로 혐기성소화시 효율적이고 경제적인 HRT의 산정이 가능하다.

모의 사용후핵연료에 함유된 루테늄의 양이온교환 분리 및 정량 (Cation Exchange Separation and Determination of Ruthenium in a Simulated Spent Nuclear Fuel)

  • 서무열;손세철;이창헌;최광순;김도양;박영재;박경균;지광용;김원호
    • 대한화학회지
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    • 제44권6호
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    • pp.526-532
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    • 2000
  • 사용후핵연료에 미량 함유되어 있는 루테늄 분석법을 개발하기 위하여 양이온교환법을 이용한 분리 조건을 조사하였다. 산분해 장치를 사용하여 9:1 몰비의 혼합산($HCl-HNO_3$)으로 루테늄 시료를 용해시켰다. 염산 용액에서 루테늄의 흡수스펙트럼과 이온교환 거동 조사를 통해 분리에 관련된 루테늄의 화학종을 제시하였다. 미량의 루테늄이 함유되어 있는 우라늄 용액을 양이온교환수지(AG 50W ${\times}$ 8, 100~200 mesh) 분리관(0.7 ${\times}$ 8.0 cm)에 넣고 0.5 M 염산으로 루테늄을 용리시켰다. 모의 사용후핵연료에 확립된 루테늄 분리방법을 적용하고 유도결합 플라스마 원자방출분광분석법으로 분석한 결과 루테늄 회수율은 98.5%이었다.

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영아의 수유 및 보충식에 대한 조사연구 (A Survey Of Infant Feeding Practices In Seoul, 1991.)

  • 김효진;박영숙
    • 대한간호학회지
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    • 제23권3호
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    • pp.377-398
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    • 1993
  • A survey of infant practices was conducted to provide information on which to base planned nursing interventions. The subjects were a convenience sample of 168 mothers visiting out - patients departments of five general hospitals and one public health center in Seoul for immunizations or treatment for common colds for their infants from two to 12 months of age. Data collection was carried out from July 8th to September 30th, 1991 using a questionnaire of 84 questions, 31 on the type of feeding, 22 on supplementary feeding and 21 on demographic infer mation. The results are summarized as follows : 1) The type of feeding was primarily artificial feed-ing (63.1%), followed by mixed feeding (22%) and breast feeding (14.9%) of the 59 mothers expecting during pregnancy to breast feed, 54. 2% changed artificial feeding and 30.5% went on to breast feed as they had expected. For mothers expecting to continue breast feeding over seven months. only one infant was being breast fed for over seven months. 2) For the 106 mothers using artificial feeding, 70. 8% hed attempted breast feeding, 64% of them for less than a month. Breast milk had been suppressed by for medication (38.7%) : 34.9% had used no specia] means. 3) The major reasons for replacing breast feeding with artificial feeding were the infants' demand for more milk (47.2% ) and insufficient supply of breast milk (49.3%). 4) Most mixed feeding was started at the age of one to three months (59.5%). Only 34.4% gave an artificial feeding after breast feeding : most (46%) alternated breast feeding with artificial feeding. On the whole, the motive for mixed feeding was the lack of breast milk (70.3%). 5) Many mothers (81.8%) were adding vitamin or mineral supplements to artificial milk and 51.5% were adding something to faciliate digestion. As for the method of sterilizing milk bottles and nipples, 56% had sterilized them together in boiling water from the beginning : 27% were just washing the bottles after boiling only once initially when measuring artificial milk powder, 31. 5% of the mothers over filled the measuring spoon rather than to the level. 6) The mother's occupation was related to her way of feeding. Mothers at home full time did more breast feeding than mothers employed outside the home. (x²=5.72, p=〈0.05). 7) Most mothers began supplementary food, from three to four months (48.8%) : 11.2% began later than seven months. Supplementary food was given between milk feedings by 67.2% of the mothers : 19.2% gave it before a milk feeding. Some mothers(26.4%) made their own supplementary food : 19.2% used ready - made supplementary food products for convenience. Recommendations for nursing interventions included : 1. Prenatal education about the advantages of breast feeding and breast care, and home visits after delivery for counselling related to breast feeding. Correct preparation of artificial feeding methods need to be taught in both pre & postnatal periods. In addition, specific education about supplementary feeding needed. 2. Further research is indicated about the Perceived lack of supply of breast milk and about the effectiveness of nursing interventions to Promote breast feeding.

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대장균 트립토판 생성효소의 소단위체간 상호조절 (Intersubunit Communication of Escherichia coli Tryptophan Synthase)

  • 조원진;임운기
    • 생명과학회지
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    • 제27권12호
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    • pp.1410-1414
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    • 2017
  • 대장균 트립토판 생성효소는 ${\alpha}_2{\beta}_2$ 복합체로 구성되며, 트립토판 생합성에서 최종 2 단계의 반응에 관여한다. 두 개의 소단위체는 분자 터널로 연결되어 있어, 기질 채널링이 일어난다. 활성 부위간 상호 조절하는 정교한 조절 기작에는 ${\alpha}$-루프 L6(${\alpha}L6$), ${\alpha}L2$, ${\alpha}L3$이 관여한다. 본 연구에서는 이 자리의 잔기치환체를 써서 소단위체에 특이적으로 결합하는 리간드의 영향을 조사하여 소단위체간 상호 조절기작에 따른 구조 변화를 살펴보았다. ${\alpha}TS$의 활성부위에 결합하는 D,L-${\alpha}$-glycerophosphate(GP)는 모든 잔기치환체를 야생형 수준으로 회복시켰다. ${\beta}TS$의 기질인 L-Ser는 다양한 효과를 나타낸다. 야생형과 NS104에서는 속도가 감소한 반면, GD51과 PH53에서는 거의 영향이 없었고, PT53와 DG56은 증가하였다. 이는 반응 중간 화학종의 분포의 변화와 연관될 가능성을 제시한다. GP와 L-Ser를 동시에 처리했을 때는 특이하게도 PH53는 가장 안정한 잔기치환체였다. 이는 Pro53가 소단위체간의 조절기작에서 중요한 역할을 하는 것을 시사한다.

생쥐 생식줄기세포의 체외 분리 및 증식 (In Vitro Isolation and Proliferation of Mouse Male Germ-Line Stem Cells)

  • 김수경;김계성
    • 한국수정란이식학회지
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    • 제18권3호
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    • pp.243-248
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    • 2003
  • 1. 생쥐 고환으로부터 얻은 세포를 배양하여 군집을 형성하는 것을 관찰할 수 있었으며, AP, SSEA-1, -3, -4과 Integrin $\alpha$6, $\beta$1 및 Oct4의 발현을 확인하였다. 2. 생쥐 생식줄기세포를 3-5일정도 배양하게 되면, 여러 층으로 이루어진 군집을 이루게 되는데 이는 생쥐 배아줄기세포나 배아생식줄기세포의 형태와 같은 것이었다. 3. 생쥐 생식줄기세포를 체외에서 효과적으로 분리, 배양할 수 있는 조건을 확립하였다.

양.음이온교환 크로마토그래피와 유도결합플라스마 원자방출분광법을 이용한 모의 사용후핵연료 중 핵분열생성물 분석 (Determination of Fission Products in Simulated Nuclear Spent Fuels by Cation.Anion Exchange Chromatography and Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry)

  • 최광순;손세철;표형렬;서무열;김도양;박양순;지광용
    • 분석과학
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    • 제13권4호
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    • pp.446-452
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    • 2000
  • 질산에 잘 녹지 않는 백금족 원소를 포함하고 있는 모의 사용후핵연료(SIMfUEL)를 고압산분해 방법으로 녹였다. 핵분열생성물 원소들은 우라늄과 분리한 다음 유도결합플라스마 원자방출분광법 (ICP-AES)으로 분석하였다. 핵분열생성물 원소들의 피크가 우라늄 스펙트럼으로부터 분광학적 간섭을 받으므로 Mo, Pd, Rh 및 Ru은 양이온교환수지로 Ba, Ce, La, Nd, Rh, Sr, Y 및 Zr는 음이온교환수지로 우라늄과 원소들을 군분리하였다. 사용후핵연료의 조성과 비슷한 모의 핵연료용액을 만들어 양이온 교환수지로 분리한 다음 측정한 회수율은 99-103%이고, 음이온교환수지로 분리하고 측정한 회수율은 이트륨을 제외하고 96.5-107%이었다. 이 방법을 금속원소의 농도가 수백에서 수천 ppm 존재하는 SIMFUEL에 적용하여 측정한 상대표준편차는 1.3-6.7%이었다.

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Echinostoma macrorchis Metacercariae in Cipangopaludina chinensis malleata from Xiengkhuang Province, Lao PDR and Morphologies of Adults from Experimental Animals

  • Sohn, Woon-Mok;Na, Byoung-Kuk;Lee, Dongmin;Eom, Keeseon S.;Yong, Tai-Soon;Chai, Jong-Yil;Min, Duk-Young
    • Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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    • 제57권6호
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    • pp.657-664
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    • 2019
  • We identified the echinostome metacercariae in Chinese mystery snails, Cipangopaludina chinensis malleata, from Xiengkhuang Province, Lao PDR with morphologies of adult worms recovered. Total 20 snails were examined with artificial digestion method and then the collected metacercariae were orally infected to a mouse and a rat. Adult worms recovered from experimental animals were observed with a light microscope and a SEM. The metacercariae were round, 125×123 ㎛ in average size, with a moderately thick cyst wall, collar spines distributed in the head collar and excretory granules in 2 canals of excretory tube. Adult flukes (3-week-old in a rat) were elongated, ventrally curved and 5.310×1.023 mm in average size. Head collar distinct, bearing 43 collar spines with 5 end group ones on each side. Oral sucker subterminal, prepharynx very short, pharynx well developed, and esophagus relatively short. Cirrus sac well developed, with a saccular seminal vesicle, and ventral sucker very large. Ovary round and on the median line of the body. Testes tandom and elongated. Eggs operculated, elliptical and 90×57 ㎛ in average size. In the SEM observation, the head crown prominent, with 43 collar spines resembled with horns of younger stag. Scale-like tegumental spines were densely distributed on the surface between the head collar and ventral sucker, and their densities were decreased posteriorly. Conclusively, the metacercariae detected in C. chinensis malleata from Lao PDR were identified as those of Echinostoma macrorchis based on the morphological characteristics of adult worms.