• 열처리공학회지
• /
• 제16권2호
• /
• pp.78-82
• /
• 2003

Nitrided compound layer and diffusion layer structure were observed by SEM. The compound layer and the constituent of nitrided surface of STS 304, STS 316, STS 410 and SACM 645 steel were analysed using EMPA and XRD respectively. The depth of nitriding layer that is obtained from similar nitriding condition decrease in the order of SACM 645 > STS 410 > STS 316 > STS 304. Result of phase transformation of the nitrided at $550^{\circ}C$ by XRD analysis were as follows; The austenitic stainless steel was mainly consist of $Cr_2N$ accompanying with $Fe_4N$ and $Fe_{2-3}N$ phase and martensitic stainless steel was mainly consist of present $Fe_{2-3}N+Cr_2N$ phase, but SACM 645 steel was $Fe_{2-3}N$ phase present only.

• 한국결정성장학회지
• /
• 제22권4호
• /
• pp.183-189
• /
• 2012

고온 열수송용 재료로 이용되는 Hastelloy X의 표면처리에 따른 고온물성 개선에 대한 연구를 수행하였다. Hastelloy X 기판 상에 각각 PVD법인 Arc discharge 및 Sputtering을 이용하여 TiAlN 및 $Al_2O_3$ 박막을 표면 코팅(overlay coating) 하였고, 분위기 분말을 이용하여 Al을 금속표면을 통해 확산시키는 방법인 Pack cementation법을 이용한 Al 확산코팅(diffusion coating: aluminiding)법을 이용한 표면처리를 수행하였다. 이들 표면처리가 Ni-Cr계 합금의 고온열처리에서 생성되는 두꺼운 불균질 산화물($Cr_2O_3$)형성 억제에 미치는 효과와 조성 및 표면미세구조가 물성에 미치는 영향에 대해 알아보기 위해, 표면처리 된 Hastelloy X 샘플들을 공기 및 헬륨가스 분위기에서 $1000^{\circ}C$로 열처리 하였으며, 열처리된 전후 시편들에 대해 상형성, 미세구조 및 고온 물성 변화를 측정하였다. 이러한 실험결과를 통하여 표면코팅법에 의한 TiAlN 및 $Al_2O_3$ 박막에 비해 Al 확산코팅한 경우 두꺼운 불균질 산화물($Cr_2O_3$)형성이 억제되어 보다 균질한 미세구조와 높은 내마모성 등 높은 고온 안정성을 보여주는 것을 확인할 수 있었다.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
• /
• 제56권6호
• /
• pp.819-825
• /
• 2018

본 연구는 ${\alpha}-Fe_2O_3$ 중공입자로 구성된 다공성 1차원 나노구조체를 전기방사 공정 및 두단계의 후 열처리 과정을 통해 주형법과 커켄달 효과를 동시 적용하여 합성했다. 열처리 과정 중, 수 nm의 치밀한 Fe 금속입자는 커켄달 효과에 의해 중공구조를 갖는 ${\alpha}-Fe_2O_3$ 입자로 최종 변환되었다. 또한, 전기방사 용액에 첨가한 PS 나노비드는 첫 열처리 과정 중 분해되어 구조체 내 수많은 기공을 형성, 환원 및 산화를 위한 가스들이 구조체 내부로 원활히 침투될 수 있는 역할을 했다. 최종 생성물인 ${\alpha}-Fe_2O_3$ 중공입자로 구성된 다공성 1차원 구조체를 리튬 이차전지의 음극활물질로 적용한 결과, $1.0A\;g^{-1}$의 높은 전류밀도에도 불구하고 30 사이클 후 $776mA\;h\;g^{-1}$의 높은 방전 용량을 나타냈다. 이와 같은 우수한 리튬 저장특성은 본 구조체를 구성하는 중공형 ${\alpha}-Fe_2O_3$ 입자와 입자들 사이의 나노기공으로부터 기인한 결과이다. 본 연구에서 제안한 중공 입자로 구성된 다공성 1차원 나노구조체 합성 방법은 다양한 전이금속 화합물 조성에 적용 가능하므로 에너지 저장 분야를 포함한 여러 분야에 응용 가능하다.

• 한국정밀공학회지
• /
• 제20권7호
• /
• pp.26-35
• /
• 2003

This study explains the effects of lubricant and surface treatment on hot forging die life. The mechanical and thermal load, and thermal softening which is happened by the high temperature of die, in hot and warm forging, cause die wear, heat checking and plastic deformation, etc. This study is fur the effects of solid lubricants and surface treatment condition for hot forging die. Because cooling effect and low friction are essential to the long life of dies, optimal surface treatment and lubricant are very important to improve die life for hot forging process. The main factors, which affect die hardness and heat transfer, are surface treatments and lubricants, which are related to thermal diffusion coefficient and heat transfer coefficient, etc. For verifying these effects, experiments are performed for hot ring compression test and heat transfer coefficient in various conditions as like different initial billet temperatures and different loads. The effects of lubricant and surface treatment for hot forging die life are explained by their thermal characteristics. The new developed technique in this study for predicting tool life can give more feasible means to improve the tool life in hot forging process.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국신재생에너지학회 2007년도 춘계학술대회
• /
• pp.317-319
• /
• 2007

Recently, there were many researches for efficiency improvement of DSC. Among of these works, research of surface treatment is still a prerequisite for electron diffusion, light-harvesting and surface state of $DSC^{4)}$. Using of the surface treatment, it can be raise up porosity of $TiO_{2}$ nano-crystalline structure on $photo-electrode^{5)}$. There are chemical, physical, electrical and optical methods which raise up its porosity. In this paper, we have designed and manufactured MOPA-type ultrasonic circuit (100W, frequency and duty variable). Manufactured ultrasonic circuit to use to force cavity density and power into $TiO_{2}$ paste. Then, we have optimized forcing time, frequency and duty of ultrasonic irradiation for surface treatment of photo-electrode of DSC. In I-V characteristic test of DSC, ultrasonic and thermal treated DSC shows 19% improved its efficiency against established DSC.

• 펄프종이기술
• /
• 제37권2호
• /
• pp.11-20
• /
• 2005

This study was carried out to investigate the influence of paper stock type and heat treatment on sizing effect. Various types of pulps were used to make handsheets sized internally with AKD(alkyl ketene dimer) and externally with CMC(carboxyl methyl cellulose). Most of the handsheets were treated with heat by dry oven $(100^{\circ}C,\;30min)$ to evaluate the effect of heat treatment on sizing development. Internal sizing development of newsprint was very bad, but the effect of heat treatment was much higher than those of NBKP, BCTMP. In case of surface sizing, newsprint was more effective compared to the other pulps. Considering above mentioned results, it seems that internal sizing slows down water into paper by molecular diffusion much more than capillary penetration, but surface sizing slows down capillary penetration. With regard to density, a higher thickness sheets showed high heat treatment effect on sizing, therefore it assumed that heat treatment effect on sizing had very close relationship with sheet density.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
• /
• 제4권1호
• /
• pp.17-25
• /
• 1997

The effects of microwave treatment on the perservation of foods, such as a seaweed soup and sea stoned radish shreds, were studied. Microwave treatment of microbial cell suspensions revealed that viable cells decreased dramatically when heated to 6$0^{\circ}C$. However, it was unlikely that microwave treatment to 60 is enough to decrease the viable cell counts efficiently in a seaweed soup and radish shreds. It was thought that microwave heating to at least 7$0^{\circ}C$ as a final temperature was an important factor to reduce microbial cell counts in foods. When foods were heated to 7$0^{\circ}C$ with a repetitive 15 sec "on" followed by 30 sec "off", no big differences were observed in viable counts during storage at 2$0^{\circ}C$ for 3 days, as compared to those treated with a full power. The microwave treatment with three stages was designed to solve problems associated with variations depending on food volumes and difficulties of heat diffusion in a solid food to be irradiated with a microwave oven. The three stage method was found to have a similar efficiency in the reduction of viable cell counts in foods to microwave treatment at a full power and to conventional methods, such as water bath heating or boiling for 3 min with a gas range.in with a gas range.

• 보존과학회지
• /
• 제38권2호
• /
• pp.166-179
• /
• 2022

본 연구에서는 목판 문화재의 보존처리를 위해 열화된 소나무를 이용하여 시험편을 제작하고 Dammar, Beeswax, Paraloid B-72, 아교, H.P.C 처리제 적용에 따른 시험편의 중량변화와 수축률, 색 변화, 침투확산 특성을 관찰하였다. 그 결과 목재 본래의 색을 유지하며 재질 강화에 효과적인 처리제로 Dammar이 가장 적합한 것으로 확인되었다. 위 결과를 토대로 목판 문화재와 손상 상태가 유사하며 목판 문화재의 주요수종과 유사한 열화된 산공재 수종을 이용하여 시험편을 제작하고 Dammar의 적용농도 및 처리 방법을 알아보고자 Dammar 농도별(2%, 5%) 도포와 Dammar 농도별(10%, 15%) 함침을 진행하였으며 중량변화, 침투확산 특성 등을 관찰하였다. 그 결과 목재 본연의 색을 유지하면서 재질 강화에 효과적인 방법으로 Dammar 2% 도포가 가장 우수한 것으로 나타났다. 따라서, 충해 및 열화가 심한 목판 문화재의 강화처리에는 Dammar 2% 도포가 가장 적합한 것으로 판단된다.

• 대한치과기공학회지
• /
• 제33권4호
• /
• pp.349-357
• /
• 2011

Purpose: In this study, for the reasons of observing the changes when using bonding agent with Ni-Cr alloy and Co-Cr alloy and using VM13 and Vintage MP ceramic which have the disparity in coefficient of thermal expansion, it is carried out to evaluate the characteristics of the bonding agent through the analysis of the interface between metal and ceramic and the analysis of bond strength by variable. Methods: The surface treatment was performed on the two kinds of alloy(Ni-Cr alloy and Co-Cr alloy) specimens, which were sandblasted and were treated with bonder application. The metal-ceramic interfaces were analyzed with EPMA in order to ionic diffusion, and the shear test was performed. Results: As a result of observation of metal-ceramic interfacial properties, it was observed that Cr atoms were spread from the alloy body to the ceramic floor in the specimen of Group B. It was also seen that Cr, W atoms were spread from the alloy body to the ceramic floor in the specimen of Group S. In consequence of observing Shear bond strength, it was calculated that the specimen of BSV was 27.75(${\pm}11.21$)MPa, BSM was 27.02(${\pm}5.23$)MPa, BCV was 30.20(${\pm}5.99$)MPa, BCM was 27.94(${\pm}10.76$)MPa, SSV was 20.83(${\pm}2.58$)MPa, SSM was 23.98(${\pm}3.94$)MPa, SCV was 32.32(${\pm}4.68$)MPa, and SCM was 34.54(${\pm}10.63$)MPa. Conclusion: In the metal-ceramic interface of Bellabond plus sample group, diffusion of Cr atoms was incurred and diffusion of C Cr atoms and W atoms in the sample group of $Starloy{(R)}\;C$ was observed. Using bonding agent showed the higher bond strength than using the sand blasting treatment. In the Bellabond plus alloys, the specimen group with the use of binding materials showed higher shear bond strength, but didn't show statistically significant differences (p>0.05). In the $Starloy{(R)}\;C$ alloys, the specimen group with the use of binding materials showed higher shear bond strength and statistically significant differences(p<0.05). In terms of VM13 ceramic, it was in the Bellabond plus alloys that the high shear bond strength was showed, but there's no statistically significant differences(p>0.05). In terms of Vintage MP ceramic, it was in the $Starloy{(R)}\;C$ alloys that the high shear bond strength was showed and statistically significant differences(p<0.05). Metal-ceramic to fracture of the shear strength measurements and an analysis of all aspects of military usage fracture of the composite, respectively.

• 열처리공학회지
• /
• 제2권4호
• /
• pp.27-39
• /
• 1989

The effect of gas mixing ratios during gas nitrocarburizing treatment on the formation of compound layer and the mechanical properties has been studied for hot work tool steel by using a combined heat treating technique. The thickness of compound and diffusion layers has been shown to grow as a parabolic relation with increasing the amount of ammonia at a given flow quantity of $CO_2$ gas. The compound layer consists mainly of ${\varepsilon}-Fe_3$(C, N) with small amounts of ${\gamma}^{\prime}-Fe_4N$ and ${\alpha}$-Fe. The combined heat treated hot work tool steel has shown that the thickness of compound layer increases with increasing nitrocarburizing time, but the rate of growth slows down as gas nitrocarburizing time goes more than two hours. Tensile properties have given a remarkable improvement. In particular, the wear resistance of combined heat treated hot work tool steel has exhibited an improvement of about 165% greater than that obtained from conventional quenching and multi-tempering treatments.