• 한국학교수학회논문집
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.357-371
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• 2016

본 연구는 수학적 모델링의 과제공간을 설정하고 이를 기반으로 모델링 과제의 복잡성을 나타내는 평가척도(rating scheme)를 설계하여 예비 수학교사를 대상으로 두 가지의 실험연구 결과를 얻었다. 첫째는 종전의 문제구조를 표현한 문제공간을 발전시켜 모델링 과제에 맞는 과제공간을 설정하고, 모델링 과제의 복잡성을 수치로 나타내는 계량적인 평가척도를 설계하여 의미 있는 타당도를 확인하였다. 둘째는 모델링의 과제 복잡성에 대한 평가척도, 학생 성취수준, 과제 특수 발견 전략의 개수 사이의 일관된 패턴이 있음을 발견하였다.

• 대한수학교육학회지:수학교육학연구
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.71-88
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• 2004

본 연구의 목적은 대학수학능력시험에서 출제되는 수리 영역의 문항에 대한 난이도를 결정짓는 변인을 탐색하고, 난이도를 측정할 수 있는 구체적인 검토도구를 개발하는 것이다. 이를 위해 문헌 분석과 기출 수능 문항에 대한 내용 및 난이도 분석을 시도하였다. 여기서 추출된 변인을 토대로 1차 검토도구를 만들고 오답률과 추출된 변인들 사이의 상관분석을 시도하여 상관도가 비교적 낮은 변인은 삭제하거나 수정 보완하여 2차 검토도구를 만들었다. 2차 검토도구를 이용하여 여러 가지 예측 모형을 개발하고, 각 모형에 대하여 회귀계수를 비교하고, 교차타당도를 분석한 결과 안정성과 정확성이 가장 높은 최적의 예측모형은 '통합 회귀방정식 모형'으로 나타났다. 또한 통합 회귀방정식 모형을 토대로 분석하였을 때 오답률에 대한 설명력은 답지의 형식, 내용 영역, 행동 영역, 문항의 생소성 등의 순으로 나타났다. 본 연구는 난이도 관련 변인에 대한 연구가 전무한 상태에서 이루어졌기 때문에 많은 한계가 있으며 추후에 난이도를 보다 정확하게 추정할 수 있는 연구 방법이 기대 된다.

• 한국초등과학교육학회지:초등과학교육
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.513-522
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• 2023

과학 문제를 대면했을 때 학생들이 인지하는 과제난이도에 따른 학생이 느끼는 상태불안 수준에 대한 실증적인 연구는 부족하다. 본 연구의 목적은 학생들이 과학 문제를 대면했을 때 학생이 인지한 과제 난이도가 과학불안과 상태불안의 관계를 조절하는지 검증하는 것이다. 이를 위하여 초등학생 5~6학년 410명(5학년 186명; 여학생 194명)을 대상으로 2개의 과학 문제를 제시하였다. 그리고 PROCESS macro 1번 모델을 활용하여 과학 문제 대면 상황에서 과학불안과 상태불안 유발 사이의 관계에서 학생이 인지한 과제난이도의 조절 효과를 검증하였다. 분석 결과, 학생의 과학불안 수준과 학생이 인지한 과제난이도는 상태불안을 정적으로 유의하게 예측하였다. 그리고 학생이 인지한 과제난이도는 학생이 문제를 대면했을 때 유발되는 상태불안 수준을 부적으로 유의하게 조절하였다. 즉, 학생이 문제를 어렵다고 생각할수록 상태불안 유발에 대한 과학불안의 영향력이 낮아졌으며, 학생이 문제를 쉽다고 생각하면 상태불안 유발에 대한 과학불안의 영향력이 높아졌다. 이러한 연구 결과를 바탕으로 과학교육 및 향후 연구 방향에 대한 시사점을 논의하였다.

• 대한치과의사협회지
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• 제51권9호
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• pp.511-517
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• 2013

To assess the association between oral health and general health, this study examined the relationship between chewing difficulty and twelve chronic health conditions such as hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, cerebro- and cardiovascular disease, musculoskeletal disease, respiratory disease, eye/nose/throat disease, stomach/intestinal ulcer, renal dysfunction, thyroid disease, depression, and cancer in Korea. The study population was 3,066 elders aged 65 years old and more from the fourth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Chewing difficulty was measured on a 5-point Likert scale. Chronic conditions were assessed by self-reported questionnaire. Confounders were age, gender, education, income, smoking, drinking, and obesity. Chi-square test, general linear model, and multiple logistic regression model were done with complex sampling design. Musculoskeletal disease (adjusted odds ratio=1.33), respiratory disease (adjusted odds ratio=1.52), and cancer (adjusted odds ratio=1.58) were independently associated with chewing difficulty. Multiple chronic conditions with more than 4 chronic disease showed significant association with chewing difficulty (adjusted odds ratio=1.37).

• 아동학회지
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.33-46
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• 2003

This study investigated age differences in children's expression of pride and shame by their age, and type and level of task difficulty when they succeeded of failed on tasks. The subjects were 55 4-year-old children from 2 day-care centers and 37 7-year-old children from I elementary school. Each child participated in pride and shame assessment sessions. Data were analyzed by repeated measures ANOVA, t-test, paired t-test, Pearson's correlations. When they succeeded on tasks, 4-year-olds showed more pride than 7-year-olds. More pride was shown when subjects succeeded on difficult than on easy tasks. An interaction effect for pride was found between age, and type and level of task difficulty. Seven-year-olds showed more shame than 4-year-olds when they failed on tasks. More shame was shown when subjects failed on easy than on difficult tasks. The expression of pride was positively related to the expression of shame.

• 한국수학교육학회지시리즈D:수학교육연구
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.215-227
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• 2006

After reviewing China's appearance and research on the Math open-ended problems, together with the application of those problems in mathematics test of Shanghai Senior Middle School Entrance Exams (SSMSEE) since 1999, this paper points out the difficulty in establishing an evaluation system for such problem. Through comparative study, the paper gives an operational definition of open-ended problem, and it attempts to establish an evaluation system and non-systematic competence targets that are appropriate to Math open-ended problems. Meanwhile, it describes the performance feature of those targets. By applying the standard international grading system of difficulty, it discusses the elements of difficulty in Math open-ended problems, and puts forward an evaluation as well as a level-of-difficulty forecasting system that is appropriate to the Middle School Entrance Exam.

• 한국건축시공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국건축시공학회 2013년도 추계 학술논문 발표대회
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• pp.214-215
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• 2013

Recently, Construction industry has been trying to reduce environmental impacts reflecting the global trend 'Green Growth'. However most of previous studies focused on operation & maintenance phases and do not have been approached construction phases. In addition, environmental management factors by project participants are assessed with only weight of factors, overlooking these work difficulty. Therefore This study aims to deducted the critical environmental management factors by project participants considering work difficulty in plan, design and construction phase. The basis data is collected through literature reviews and interview targeting each project participant and analyze these data using importance-difficulty analysis(IDA).

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.196-201
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• 2016

Objective: This study reports on the effects of HongYi (red ant, or Formica rufa Linne) pharmacopuncture through three cases involving female patients with voiding difficulty.Method: We treated the three patients with HongYi pharmacopuncture and evaluated them using the international prostate symptom score (IPSS), which is used for measuring the severity of voiding difficulty.Result: After treatment, the IPSS showed improvement in each patient. The symptoms of voiding difficulty and other complaints also improved.Conclusion: Based on the three cases, HongYi pharmacopuncture may be a viable option for treating voiding difficulty among women.

• 한국수학교육학회지시리즈A:수학교육
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• 제52권1호
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• pp.1-17
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• 2013

The goal of the textbooks of 2009 revised curriculum is to make customized lectures possible considering learning characteristics and understanding level of students. However, it is not easy to find a research result on sensed difficulty of the mathematics textbook, which is able to provide valuable information on the development of the diverse level textbooks. This research suggested criteria in analysing sensed difficulties of field teachers on the textbooks, and analysed sensory difficulty on the selective tracks textbooks based on 2007 revised mathematics curriculum using the criteria. The results of the analysis on 59 mathematics selective tracks textbooks show that all have average sensed difficulty. The criteria and research results are expected to provide valuable information in future mathematics textbook development.

• Asia Marketing Journal
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.59-73
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• 2015

Previous research has revealed that people feel past target events are more distant when they recall more intervening events, event markers, that are both accessible in memory and perceived to be related to that target event (Zauberman, Levav, Diehl, and Bhargave 2010). This phenomenon was called the systematic effect of event markers (SEEM). In this research, we explore the moderating effect of the valence of the target event on SEEM and suggest the difficulty of recalling event markers as the possible mechanism. Study 1 shows that SEEM mainly occur when the valence of the target event is negative rather than positive. Study 2 showed that even though people have more difficulty recalling four event markers than one regardless of event valence, the difficulty of recalling event markers only mediates SEEM when the target event valence is negative. Furthermore, when the target event is positive, SEEM does not exist, confirming that the mediating role of the difficulty of recalling event markers on SEEM is moderated by the valence of the target event.