• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.59-66
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is to examine the activity ratios of global trunk muscles and local trunk muscles in relation to adjustments in the level of task difficulty while performing stability exercises in easily applied bridging lumbar stabilization exercise. Twenty healthy subjects performed bridging lumbar stabilization exercise while the level of task difficulty was plate was used in the same posture for all the exercises. EMG was used to examine the activity ratios of the global muscles and multifidus in relation to the level of task difficulty. Moreover, the activity ratios of the multifidus muscle, the erector spinae and the gluteus maximus muscle were measured. A one-way ANOVA with repeated measures was used, and a Bonferroni correction was conducted (${\alpha}$=.05). When the bridging lumbar stabilization exercise were performed at different difficulty levels, the activity of the multifidus muscle, which is a local muscle, was high in all three exercises. Also, compared to low intensity and intermediate intensity exercises, high intensity exercises showed more significant differences (${\alpha}$=.05). Among all the muscles, the multifidus showed the highest activity at intermediate intensity. Based on these results, we suggest that in the case of bridging lumbar stabilization exercise, low intensity or intermediate intensity exercises are more suitable and efficient for local muscle stabilization.

• Journal of Korea Society of Industrial Information Systems
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.47-55
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• 2004

Most questions made for remote examinations on web-based education system use methods of making questions using fixed questions or randomly using item pools or automatically using degree of difficulty. Particularly, automatically selection methods using degree of difficulty is the kernel of a question that objectivity of examination questions by degree of difficulty adjustment based result of examination. This paper is use automatically selection methods for examination on web-based education system. Therefore we present new algorithms of mediateness degree of difficulty as regards education ability of students for adjust the degree of difficulty. We identified this algorithms is more effective as compared with previously algorithms on web-based education system

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.10 no.7
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• pp.912-922
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• 2007

Evaluation of distance teaming systems needs a method that maintains a consistent level of difficulty for each test. In this paper, we propose a new algorithm for test sheet generation based on genetic algorithm. Unlike the existing methods that difficulty of each test item is assigned by tutors, in the proposed method, that can be adjusted by the result of the previous tests and the average difficulty of test sheet can be consistently reserved. We propose the new genetic operators to prevent duplications of test items in a test sheet and apply the adjusted difficulty of each test item. The result of simulation shows that difficulty of the test sheet generated by proposed method can be more regular than the random method and the simulated annealing method.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.26-40
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• 2016

This study aimed to compare perception of job importance, job performance, and job difficulty between clinical dietitians working at small and medium hospitals in Busan. The survey was conducted from July 15 to August 31, 2014, and data were analyzed using the SPSS program. The mean scores for perception of job importance, job performance, and job difficulty of clinical dietitian's task elements were 3.88, 2.87, and 3.18 out of 5.0, respectively. Perception of job importance had a positive relationship with job performance. However, job performance showed a negative relationship with job difficulty. There were strong positive relationships among nutrition assessment, nutrition diagnosis, nutrition intervention, nutrition monitoring & evaluation, nutrition research in perception of job importance (P<0.05, P<0.01). Nutrition assessment, nutrition diagnosis, nutrition intervention, and nutrition research showed positive relationships with job performance (P<0.05, P<0.01). There was also a positive relationship among clinical dietitian's task with job difficulty (P<0.05, P<0.01). These results suggest that it would be effective to adopt training programs for appropriate nutrition service and to provide continuous education programs for professional development.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.833-843
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• 2016

Due to the rapid expansion of fashion, consumers easily purchase fashion products, the period of wearing apparel is shortened, and the occurrence of clothes piling up in the closet is increasing. In order to induce and suggest rational consumption and disposal actions, research focused on the factors influencing difficulty discarding and disposal behavior toward a fashion product is needed. Thus, this study considered fashion-shopping orientation as a variable affecting difficulty discarding and disposal behavior toward fashion products. A total of 325 questionnaires were collected, and 11 were discarded due to partial responses or missing data. Finally, a total of 314 survey questionnaires were analyzed. Frequency, exploratory factor, reliability, and multiple regression analyses were employed for data analysis using SPSS 23.0. The study results were as follows. First, hedonic and economic shopping orientation positively affected difficulty discarding a fashion product, whereas rational shopping orientation negatively affected difficulty discarding a fashion product. Second, hedonic, economic, and conspicuous shopping orientation positively affected reuse behavior among disposal behavior toward a fashion product. Third, trend-seeking and convenient shopping orientation positively influenced handover behavior. Fourth, economic and conspicuous shopping orientation positively affected separation discard behavior. The results of this study provide various guidelines for manufacturers and retailers of fashion products.

• Journal of Internet Computing and Services
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• v.7 no.6
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• pp.131-141
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• 2006

In many papers, item difficulty does apply to the E-Learning system for advance learning effect. But there have to need item revision difficulty for more correct item difficulty. Also, there have to support self-directed learning process which learner can make plan and operate learning progress. In this research, I developed self-directed E-Learning system using item revision difficulty. For efficiency of system development, il is implemented and composited by component based development. In the applied result, it was able to support more correct item revision difficulty to learner. And I displayed efficiency of operation the component based self-directed learning system.

• Journal of The Korean Dental Society of Anesthesiology
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.91-97
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• 2009

Background: Nasotracheal intubation for general anesthesia is preferred for oral and maxillofacial procedures because it provides improved access to the operative site. Fiberopic nasotracheal intubation is a useful technique when airway management seems difficult. But, intaoral bleeding is considered as the important factor that makes fiberopic nasotracheal intubation difficult. The purpose of our study was to elucidate the effect of laryngeal view and bleeding on intubation difficulty during fiberopic intubation. Methods: We studied 461 patients undergoing nasotracheal intubation with permission. Laryngeal view grades were examined with laryngoscope and were recorded. Then, intubation time and the amounts of bleeding were measured during fibroptic nasotracheal intubation under general anesthesia. Results: There was no significant difference between laryngeal view grade and intubation difficulty (P > 0.05). But severity of bleeding increased intubation difficulty (P < 0.05). Conclusions: In this study, the significant amounts of bleeding had an effect on intubation difficulty.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.601-610
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• 2021

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of chewing difficulty on depression in Korean adults to provide basic data on improving the quality of life related to oral health of Korean adults. Methods: The raw data of the analysis were obtained from the dataset of the seven Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey conducted between 2016 and 2018. The subjects included 9,535 people who underwent oral examination and answered questions. The collected data were analyzed using the SPSS (ver 21.0) program using composite samples, and the mean crossover analysis and logistic return analysis were performed. Results: An analysis of the effects of chewing difficulty on depression in Korean adults showed that those with chewing difficulty had a 2.24 fold higher risk of depression (95% CI: 1.73-2.90) and a statistically significant difference (p<0.05). Conclusions: The association between the chewing difficulty on depression could be confirmed, and measures improve of the oral health and preventing depression should be prepared.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.328-336
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• 2023

Purpose: This study aimed to identify factors influencing the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of older adult women with sarcopenia. Methods: The study was secondary data analysis using data from the 2019 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The final sample consisted of 142 women aged 60 years and older with sarcopenia and were selected from 8,110 women. The participants was analyzed using complex descriptive statistics, independent t-test, and regression. Results: In terms of HRQoL, three general characteristics were found to be influential, with an explanatory power of 56.0%: difficulty climbing stairs, difficulty working, and perceived health status. Having no or mild difficulty when climbing stairs (B=.20, p=.001; B=.21, p<.001) and no or mild difficulty when working (B=.25, p=. 002; B=.208, p=.013) had a significant effect on HRQoL compared to severe difficulty. Having good or ordinary perceived health status had a significant effect on the HRQoL (B=.11, p<.001; B=.09, p<.001). Conclusion: Based on study findings that the HRQoL of older adult women with sarcopenia were influenced by difficulty climbing stairs and working, as well as good perceived health status, healthcare providers should assist elderly women to maintain physical activities in their daily lives.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Earth Science Education
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.340-350
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• 2023

This study analyzed the difficulty level of class on the seasonal change unit for 84 students at a university of education. The conclusions of this study are as follows. First, if we first present the four topics that make up the seasonal changes in elementary science, the subjects that have the greatest difficulty in teaching for prospective elementary school teachers are 'Why do seasonal changes occur?' (Teaching difficulty level 4.05), 'The sun changes depending on the season' What is the difference between the southern altitude and the length of day and night?' (difficulty level of class, 3.12), 'What is the relationship between the altitude of the sun, length of shadow, and temperature during the day?' (difficulty level of class, 2.85), 'How does the temperature change depending on the season?' (class difficulty level 2.80). As a result, in the elementary science season change unit, the class on the four topics 'Why do seasons change?', which is classified as a class topic that requires the concept of spatial perception, showed a higher level of class difficulty than other units. Second, in the seasonal change unit, various factors of class difficulty appeared depending on the class topic. When pre-service elementary school teachers look at the factors that make class difficult when teaching a lesson on seasonal changes in order of frequency, 42 (50%) said 'Experimental instruction for comparing the altitude of solar masculine according to the tilt of the axis of rotation', followed by 'Solar masculine'. 38 people (45%) answered 'Difficulty in explaining mid-high altitude and the length of day and night', 27 people (32%) answered 'Difficulty in explaining the concept of mid-high altitude', and 24 people (32%) answered 'Difficulty in explaining seasonal changes in the sun's position.' 29%), 20 people (24%) said 'Explain the reasonable reason why the height of the light should be adjusted when measuring the solar altitude', and 16 people (19%) said 'It is difficult to explain the reason for the discrepancy between the solar altitude and the maximum temperature'. ), 'difficulties in measuring sand (ground) temperature' were mentioned by 12 people (14%). Third, when analyzing the factors of class difficulty, there were more curriculum factors than teacher factors. In this context, the exploratory activities on 'Why do seasonal changes occur?', the fourth topic of the seasonal change unit in which elementary school pre-service teachers showed the greatest difficulty in teaching, need improvement in terms of the curriculum.