• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.358-364
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• 2001

The physiochemical properties and interactions between porcine blood and waxy rice were determined. Addition of calcium chloride (0.15%) improved acceptability of blood cake and increased the gelatinization degree of waxy rice. The water-holding capacity of porcine blood gel (blood/water=60/40, v/v), extent of absorption and gelatinization of waxy rice, and scanning electron microscopy showed that blood protein matrix and waxy rice are competitors for holding water in the cooking procedure. Non-haem iron content increased linearly (R=0.95) when heating temperature rose. The presence of blood proteins caused increasing of peak temperature (Tp) of gelatinization in differential scanning calorimetric thermal gram, The microstnlcture of plasma proteins and haemoglobin appeared continuous changes, and interacted with surface of waxy rice flour in terms of network and mosaic form, respectively. The electrophoretic patterns revealed an interaction between plasma proteins and waxy rice glutelin and haemoglobin when heated could be found at temperatures above $60^{\circ}C$.

• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 1998.06a
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• pp.244-252
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• 1998

Ginsenoside Rh, (G-Rh,) from Panax ginseng induced morphological features of apoptosis and DNA fragmentation as a biochemical marker of apoptosis confirmed by TUNEL reaction and agarose gel electrophoresis in human neuroblastoma SK-N-BE(2) and rat glioma C6Bu-1 cells During apoptosis by G-Rh2, protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms were analysed by immunoblotting. In SK-N-BE(2) cells, the levels of a, p and ${\gamma}$ subtypes were increased by undergoing apoptosis, while PKC e isoform increased early in treatment (3 h and 6 h). In addition, PKC s isoform gradually decreased during apoptosis by G-Rh2 and PKC $\theta$ isoform was detected in neither untreated- nor G-Rh1-treated SK-N-BE(2) cells (data not shown). However, no significant changes in the level of S and s isoforms were observed in C6Bu-1 cells undergoing apoptosis by G-Rh2. These results suggest that PKC subtypes may play differential roles in apoptotic signal pathways and their roles can be cell type-specific in apoptosis induced by G-Rh2.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.885-892
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• 2009

To investigate host defense mechanisms for protecting the mammary gland from mastitis infection, the membrane fraction of mammary tissues from Holstein cows was purified by differential velocity centrifugation, and then the sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamid gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) separated proteins were identified by ion trap mass spectrometer equipped with a Surveyor high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system. A total of 183 proteins were identified. Bioinformatics software was applied to analyse physicochemical characteristics of the identified proteins and to predict biochemical function. These data may provide valuable information to investigate the mechanisms of mammary gland milk secretion and infectious disease, and enable a clear identification of proteins and potential protein targets for therapies.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.248-253
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• 2005

AfsR2, originally identified from Streptomyces lividans, is a global regulatory protein which stimulates antibiotic biosynthesis. Through its stable chromosomal integration, the high level of gene expression of afsR2 significantly induced antibiotic production as well as the sporulation of S. lividans, implying the presence of yet-uncharacterized AfsR2-target proteins. To identify and evaluate the putative AfsR2-target proteins involved in antibiotic regulation, the proteomics-driven approach was applied to the wild-type S. lividans and the afsR2-integrated actinorhodin overproducing strain. The 20 gel-electrophoresis gave approximately 340 protein spots showing different protein expression patterns between these two S. lividans strains. Further MALDI-TOF analysis revealed several AfsR2-target proteins, including glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, putative phosphate transport system regulator, guanosine penta phosphate synthetase/polyribonucleotide nucleotidyltransferase, and superoxide dismutase, which suggests that the AfsR2 should be a pleiotropic regulatory protein which controls differential expressions of various kinds of genes in Streptomyces species.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.427-431
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• 2007

In order to gain insight into the molecular changes at the protein level in plants exposed to low temperature for a long period of time (vernalization), proteome analyses of vernalization-treated Arabidopsis thaliana have been carried out by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis followed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Fourteen proteins including ATP binding/GTP binding/translation elongation factor and glycine-rich RNA-binding protein 7 (GRP7) showed differential expression in vernalization-treated Arabidopsis thaliana. GRP7 showed the most dramatic increase in expression suggesting its involvement in response to vernalization treatment.

• Journal of Crop Science and Biotechnology
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.227-232
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• 2008

Drought stress is one of the major abiotic stresses in agriculture worldwide. We report here a proteomic approach to investigate the impact of post-fertilization drought on grain quality in rice seed endosperm (Oryza sativa cv. IR-64). Plants were stressed for 4 days at 3 days before heading. Total proteins of endosperm were extracted and separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Not many protein spots showed differential accumulation in drought-stressed samples. More than 400 protein spots were reproducibly detected, including three that were up-regulated and five down-regulated. Mass spectrometry analysis and database searching helped us to identify six spots representing different proteins. Functionally, the identified proteins were related to protein synthesis and carbohydrate metabolism, such as Granule-Bound Starch Synthase (GBSS, Wx protein), which is thought to play a very important role in starch biosynthesis and quality, a very crucial factor in determining rice grain quality.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.119-125
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• 2006

The rat is an accepted model for studying human psychiatric/neurological disorders. We provide a protocol for total soluble protein extraction using trichloroacetic acid/acetone (TCA/A) from rat (female) whole brain, 10 brain regions and the pituitary gland, and show that two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DGE) using precast immobilized pH (4-7) gradient (IPG) strip gels (13 cm) in the first dimension yields clean silver nitrate stained protein profiles. Though TCA/A precipitation may not be "ideal", the important choice here is the selection of an appropriate lysis buffer (LB) for solubilizing precipitated proteins. Our results reveal enrichment of protein spots by use of individual brain regions rather than whole brain, as well as the presence of differentially expressed spots in their proteomes. Thus individual brain regions provide improved protein coverage and are better suited for differential protein detection. Moreover, using a phosphoprotein-specific dye, ingel detection of phosphoproteins was demonstrated. Representative high-resolution silver nitrate stained proteome profiles of rat whole brain total soluble protein are presented. Shortcomings apart (failure to separate membrane proteins), gel-based proteomics remains a viable option, and 2-DGE is the method of choice for generating high-resolution proteome maps of rat brain and brain regions.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.57-65
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• 1982

Highly phosphorylated nucleotides were investigated to assure whether the eucaryotic Aspergillus niger produce these substances or not during the differentiation. Investigation was extended to see how organic phosphate interacts with inorganic polyphosphate during development, and high molecular weight RNA-polyphosphate complex was detected in 2.6% polyacrylamide gel by electrophoresis. Guanosine tetraphosphate was found in vesicle and phialide forming mycelia and spore forming body by PEI cellulose TLC. It is revealed that guanosine tetraphosphate is a common substance for spore formation in eucaryotic microorganisms as well as in procaryotic. Especially, prior to sporulation, protein bound RNA and protein bound phosphate may occur as a result of reorganization of cellular materials. The evidence was obtained by the fact of differential increase of optical density ratio between the samples from different developmental stages of this fungus. In 2.6% polyacrylamide gel which was run to electrophoresis, high molecular weight RNA (mostly rRNA) was found to couple and to make RNA-polyphosphate complex. The complex was examined with enzymes and radioactive isotope of $^{32}P$. (enzymic test was not reported here.) RNA-polyphosphate complex might be another sort of highly phosphorylated nucleotide or rRNA beside guanosine-tetraphosphate.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.895-902
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• 2012

The Korean native chickens (Woorimotdak$^{TM}$, KNC) and commercial broilers (Ross, CB) show obvious differences in meat flavor after cooking. To understand the contribution of protein and peptide for meat flavor, 2-dimensional (2-D) gel electrophoresis and matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry was performed. A total of 16 protein spots were differentially expressed in the breast and thigh meat between the two breeds. A total of seven protein spots were represented by different levels between KNC and CB for breast meat. Among them three protein spots (TU39149, TU40162 and TU39598) showed increases in their expressions in KNC while other four protein spots (BU40125, BU40119, BU40029 and BU39904) showed increases in CB. All nine protein spots that were represented by different levels between KNC and CB for thigh meat showed increases in their expression in KNC. Phosphoglucomutase 1 (PGM 1), myosin heavy chain (MyHC), heat shock protein B1 (HSP27), cytochrome c reductase (Enzyme Q), Glyoxylase 1, DNA methyltransferase 3B (DNA MTase 3) were identified as the main protein spots by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. These results can provide valuable basic information for understanding the molecular mechanism responsible for breed specific differences in meat quality, especially the meat flavour.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.814-825
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• 2008

Ascochlorin (ASC) is prenyl-phenol compound that was isolated from the fungus Ascochyta viciae. ASC reduces serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels, and suppresses hypertension, tumor development, ameliorates type I and II diabetes. Here, to better understand the mechanisms by which ASC regulates physiological or pathological events and induces responses in the pharmacological treatment of inflammation, we performed differential analysis of the proteome of the mouse macrophage RAW264.7 cells in response to ASC. In this study, we used a proteomic analysis of LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells treated by ASC, to identify proteins potentially involved in inflammatory processes. The RAW264.7 cell proteomes with and without treatment with ASC were compared using two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-D SDS-PAGE), matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) and bioinformatics. The largest differences in expression were observed for the calreticulin (4-fold decrease), ${\beta}-actin$ (4-fold decrease) and vimentin (1.5-fold decrease). In addition, rabaptin was increased 3-fold in RAW264.7 cells treated with ASC. The expression of some selected proteins was confirmed by RT-PCR analysis.