• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.31 no.7
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• pp.579-592
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• 2022

Much controversy has been generated over whether the ecological restoration project in Korea is faithful to the basic approach of ecological restoration compared to projects aimed at creating parks or green spaces. This study was aimed at understanding the level of awareness of practitioners in the planting design method, which is recognized as relatively important in landscape architecture and ecological restoration. The proficiency of practitioners in planting design techniques for ecological restoration projects was investigated and analyzed in seven areas: overall planting design awareness, plant species selection method, planting tree sizes, planting density, use of native species, vegetation climatic zone, soil environment, and weed control. There was no statistically significant difference between the group who thought they were experts in the field of ecological restoration and the group who thought they were experts in the field of parks and green spaces. Moreover, there was no statistically significant difference between the degree of work performance, that is, the group whose main industry was ecological restoration, the group that performed relatively more ecological restoration work, and the group that rarely performed it. Therefore, to apply desirable ecological restoration techniques in the future and to clearly differentiate between the approach in the field of parks and green spaces, the appropriate tree size or planting density selected in the ecological restoration planting design stage must be chosen. To this end, the awareness of expert groups must be improved and related laws, systems, and guidelines must be revised.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.1-9
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• 2000

The purpose of this study is to examine influence of interior landscape in commercial spaces on the management benefit. In the course of this study, objects of survey were selected from interior landscaping specialist, manager and consumer who had experiences to visit to the hotel, bank, department store and restaurant. The main method of data collection was interview, questions and gathering materials. The cronbach's alphas program was used to measure the reliability of likert scales. The analysis program was applied a statistical methods. The results of this study can be summarized as follows: The factors considered by consumer who visits to the commercial space are design, interior landscape, traffic, parking capacity, cleanness, price, kindness of employee and event. Factors concerned with the product include branch size, traffic, parking capacity, kindness of employee. Factors concerned with facilities include branch size, traffic, parking capacity, kindness of employee. Major factors of those effects to management benefit are accessibility, time of stay, sales, efficiency of space, attractiveness and difference. In conclusion, overlap style gets the highest degree of satisfaction among total factors. Results of the survey show that factors which improve sales are overlap style and planter type. Among four commercial spaces, hotel is most effected by interior landscape. To enhance the sales of hotel, further study of interior landscape about hotel necessary. For bank and restaurant, further study of economic planter type and style is necessary. For department store, optimal use of spaces and case of maintenance are necessary.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.61-69
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• 2002

This research is to analyze the spatial organization of a traditional rural community and its characteristics, the case of Hanbam village located in the north of Daegu city. The conclusions of this study are as follows; 1. The difference between private space and public space in the residential area of Hanbam village is obvious, and these two spaces are organically related each other by means of road. These spaces have some spatial characteristics of organization, such as center, hierarchy and sequence. 2. The private space consists of a residence module and a farming area in the settlement, and it is clearly farmed by the firm fence of rocks and by surrounding roads. Fruit-bearing trees such as Pyrus pyrifolia, Cornus officinalis, Diospyros kaki, Juglans sinensis are planted at the boundary. And most of residences are composed of a building, a inner court and farming fields. 3. The public space for the community mainly functions as ‘a meeting place’for residents, and consists of recreational spaces, ceremonial spaces, community facilities, and social facilities. Among these, Jeong-ja(pavilion), Seong-an Soop(forest) and Dae-chong(building for common use) are of great cultural value as important traditional spaces. 4. Two kinds of road are commonly fecund in the village; spontaneously generated one and planned one. This is straight inner streets and access paths to the village, and that is curvilinear alleys which are connected to Dae-chong, the core of village. Also stone walls and climbing plants on them are major elements of village landscape.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.95-109
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• 1995

All human spatial behavior and psychological stress are affected by the 'Privacy'of each space. This Paper deals with the theoretical review of 'privacy'concept and establishment of 'Privacy Model' that can be a useful design tool. 'Privacy Index(Pl)' model of 10 point scale, which is based on 'Hierarchic system of Privacy' in urban spaces by Chermeyeff and Alexander(1963), was established as a hypothetical model in this study. And'Activity Suitability', based on each hierarchy of primacy level, was investigated at each site to construct the validity of 'Privacy Model'. Total 67 sites were investigated by on.-site questionnaire in 3 types of outdoor spaces, (Park), (Campus), and (Garden) respectively. The major results are as follows; 1. The P7rivacy level of earth spaces, distributed from to in and . and (Groun Private> spaces are dominant In , spaces are dondnant 2, Privacy level, based on , showed higher privacy level than that of . This means the criteria of each privacy level should be modified for more specific space. The . could be derived from the (Activity Suitability) of each space. 3.The cognition of privacy level. by user group, showed no significant difference in dach group by sex, age, education, and job, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture International Edition
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• no.2
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• pp.57-64
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• 2004

Nowadays the parks in Shanghai tend to develop towards two directions. Small and medimn parks are being gradually transformed from closed management to open management, while large ones emphasize their nature of theme and nature of functions. Simultaneously, the number of large and open public green spaces has been significantly increased. Although the public green space does not adopt the management pattern for parks, there is almost no difference between public green space and ordinary parks so far as the functions and scales are concerned. Due to the fact that there is no obvious boundary between a public park and a public green space, this paper raises a suggestion to coordinate continuously their management and functions so that the distribution of and the connection between the urban green spaces can be more rational and more definite and a sound green network can be formed. Starting from the viewpoint of emphasizing accessibility to green spaces and enhancing the angle of linking green spaces, we aim at transforming a park system to a multifunctional green system, extending the effects and service radius of large green spaces, and strengthening the internal connections with the surrounding areas so that a high-quality green space can be formed with the connection of the green space network.

• Bulletin of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.1277-1288
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• 2013

Wulan and Zhu [16] have characterized the weighted Bergman space in the setting of the unit ball of $C^n$ in terms of Lipschitz type conditions in three different metrics. In this paper, we study characterizations of the harmonic Bergman space on the upper half-space in $R^n$. Furthermore, we extend harmonic analogues in the setting of the unit ball to the full range 0 < p < ${\infty}$. In addition, we provide the application of characterizations to showing the boundedness of a mapping defined by a difference quotient of harmonic function.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.113-131
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• 1997

This study was performed to evaluate the exposure levels of worker exposed to welding fume and metals in confined spaces of a shipyard. The airborne concentration of welding fumes and metal elements in confined spaces were compared with those in open working areas. Results of the study were as follows. 1. The geometric mean of welding fume concentration in a confined space was $16.6mg/m^3$, which contained $3.9mg/m^3$ Fe, $1.2mg/m^3$ Mg, $0.8mg/m^3$ Zn, $0.008mg/m^3$ Cu, $0.008mg/m^3$ Pb, $0.005mg/m^3$ Ni, $0.003mg/m^3$ Cr, $0.003mg/m^3$ Cd. The geometric mean of welding fume concentration in open working areas was $5.2mg/m^3$, which contained $1.1mg/m^3$ Fe, $0.3mg/m^3$ Mg, $0.3mg/m^3$ Zn, $0.004mg/m^3$ Cu, $0.008mg/m^3$ Pb, $0.005mg/m^3$ Ni, $0.003mg/m^3$ Cr, $0.0003mg/m^3$ Cd. The geometric mean of welding fume concentration in confined spaces was 3,2 times higher than that in open working areas. The geometric mean concentrations of such metals as Fe, Mg, Zn, or Cu within fume in confined spaces were 2-4 times higher than those in open working areas, while little difference made such metals as Pb, Ni, Cr, Cd. 2. In 32 samples out of a total of 39 samples (82.1%) collected in confined spaces, the concentrations of welding fume exceeded TLV. while so did 19 samples out of 33 samples (57.6%) in open working areas. As for the concentrations of metals in welding flume from confined spaces, Fe exceeded TLV in 14 out of a total of 38 samples (36.8%), Mn exceeded TLV in 23 out of a total of 38 samples (60.5%). As for the concentration of metals in welding fume from open working areas, Fe exceeded TLV in 3 out of a total of 34 samples (8.8%), Mn exceeded TLV in 6 out of a total of 34 samples (17.6%). Considering additive effect among metals, in 31 out of a total of 39 samples (79.5%) collected in confined spaces, the concentrations of welding fume exceeded TLV, while so did 14 out of 38 samples (55.6%) in open working areas. 3. In respect of base metal and welding type the concentration of total welding fume by $CO_2$ gas W./mild steel was the highest, followed by semiauto MMA/mild steel, then followed by TIG or $CO_2$ gas W./stainless steel. ; as for concentration of metal within fume, a decreasing order was Fe, Zn, Mn, and Pb in $CO_2$ gas W./mild steel and semiauto MMA/mild steel, but Fe, Mn, Cr, and Ni in TIG or $CO_2$ gas W./stainless steel. 4. In case of welding base metal covered by paint, contents of Zn within red paint chip and within gray paint chip were 14.0% and 0.08% respectively, which showed a little difference, while the airborne concentrations of Zn within fume during welding base metal covered red paint and gray paint were $1.351mg/m^3$ and $1.018mg/m^3$ respectively, which showed little difference. As for Pb, contents of red paint chip and gray paint chip were 0.14% and 0.08% respectively, and the airborne concentrations within fume during welding base metal covered red paint and gray paint were $0.009mg/m^3$ and $0.007mg/m^3$ respectively, both of which showed little difference.

• Kyungpook Mathematical Journal
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• v.58 no.2
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• pp.271-289
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• 2018

Let 0 < q < ${\infty}$. In this study, we introduce the spaces ${\mathcal{BV}}_q$ and ${\mathcal{LS}}_q$ of q-bounded variation double sequences and q-summable double series as the domain of four-dimensional backward difference matrix ${\Delta}$ and summation matrix S in the space ${\mathcal{L}}_q$ of absolutely q-summable double sequences, respectively. Also, we determine their ${\alpha}$- and ${\beta}-duals$ and give the characterizations of some classes of four-dimensional matrix transformations in the case 0 < q ${\leq}$ 1.

• Proceedings of the Korea Institute of Fire Science and Engineering Conference
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• 2008.04a
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• pp.247-250
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• 2008

Pressurization is a method of ensuring that protected escape routes(staircases and lobbies) are kept free of smoke for shelterers and fire fighters by raising the air pressure in these spaces above that in the main part of the building. In this study, to estimate a pressurization, the characteristics of pressure difference in a room, a lobby, an air supply shaft at several building elements are investigated with a window, the (a fire) door and a air supply damper so that information about the importance of these experimental parameters can be obtained.

• Journal of The Korea Institute of Healthcare Architecture
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.31-39
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• 2022

Purpose: The study aimed to extract the space mentioned in the criteria for evaluation and certification of psychiatric institutions in which the most specific standards for medical services of psychiatric institutions are prepared, and to organize and analyze the requirements. Method: The implied space is derived by analyzing the evaluation and certification criteria. The derived space is re-classified by departments of the hospital, and the requirements are organized and analyzed. Results: First, a total of 41 spaces were derived. The derived spaces can be considered as spaces to be treated as important in psychiatric institutions. Second, as a result of reclassifying the derived space by department, 10 spaced for the hospital as a whole, 10 for wards, 12 for central/outpatient departments, 5 for pharmaceutical departments, 2 for catering facilities, and 2 for facilities. Third, if organized by psychiatric institution, there is a total of 40 spaces for psychiatric hospitals according to certification criteria, and according to evaluation criteria, there is 38 spaces for psychiatric hospitals and departments and 19 spaces for the clinics. The difference between the certification and evaluation criteria of psychiatric hospitals is insignificant. In order to promote the qualitative improvement of psychiatric institutions, it is necessary to gradually strengthen from the certification criteria. Fourth, the requirements reflecting the characteristics of a psychiatric institution were very limited to emergency exits and treatment rooms. It is necessary to prepare the space requirements for other rooms in consideration of the behavior of the mentally ill. Implications: The derived spaces and requirements can serve as practical reference materials for practitioners preparing to receive certification and evaluation of psychiatric institutions. In addition, it has meaning as a basic data for estimating the level of space and requirements of psychiatric institutions that are currently required in Korea.