• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.831-845
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• 2009

Hypertension and obesity are important modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease, the leading cause of death in Korea. Therefore, we assessed the association between dietary pattern and obesity in hypertensive patients to formulate health promotion strategies for the older population. Dietary information was collected from hypertensive patients visiting community health education and information center by using 24 hour recall method. The 2005 DRIs for Koreans was used to evaluate the dietary adequacy. When subjects were categorized by body mass index (BMI) as normal, overweight and obese, no significant difference in energy intake was found among groups. Dietary intakes of folate, and vitamin C in obese hypertensive patients were significantly lower than in normal weight patients (p < 0.05). When we compare the nutritional status by waist circumferences, dietary intakes of zinc, vitamin A, thiamin, vitamin C and folate were significantly lower in the obese group. Vegetable intake was significantly lower in the obese group according to BMI as well as waist circumference. Energy intake from carbohydrate was significantly higher in obese hypertensive patients (p < 0.05). Obese hypertensive patients had a higher risk of nutritional inadequacy compared to normal weight patients. Our results indicated the need for developing interventions that encourage greater consumption of vegetables while cutting down salt intake with wise selection of staple foods, for obese hypertensive patients.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.46-56
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• 1999

A deep understanding of the dietary patterns and nutrient intake is important for assessment of possilbe nutritional risk and for establishing nutrition improvement strategies. This study was conducted toexamine the dietary characteristics of a nutritionally poor elderly group compared to the middle-and highly-nourished group. Elderly participant was recruited from local elderly centers in Suwon city in 1998. Trained dietitians interviewed 119 elderly(35 males, 84 females) aged 60 years and over for collecting dietary data(24-hour recall) and related variables. Male and female subjects were grouped into high, middle, and low according to the mean nutrient adequancy ratio(MAR) tertiles. An analysisof the percentage of RDA(Recommended Daily Allowances of Korea) for each of the 10 nutrients showed that the male low-MAR group consumed below the RDA in all kinds of nutrients, and the female low-MAR group consumed nutrients below the RDA except vitamin C. An evaluation of nutrient density by Index of Nutritonal Quality(INQ) also showed a similar tendency. Thus, the INQ level of the male low-MAR group was significantly lower than the middle-or high-MAR group, especially in protein, vitamin A, thiamin, riboflavin, and phosphorus(p<0.05). Moreover, INQ level of female low-MAR group was significantly lower than that of the high group(p<0.05) in all nutrients. The female low-MAR group's daily food intake were also lower than those of the high-MARgroup in gains, fish, fruits, oil and beverages. The energy distribution from carbohydrates, fats and proteins showed that the male low-MAR group had significantly higher carbohydrate and lower fat proportions compared to each gender high-MAR group, respectively. The male and female low-MAR group had low scores about eating all side dishes. These findings indicate that a moderate increase of the meat/egg/fishes intake was needed by the male low-MAR group for improving nutrition adequacy, and an overall increase of the food quantity and quality was desired for the female low-MAR group. These data could be used for planning a community elderly nutrition program and establishing strategies for tailored guidelines for the individuals.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.122-133
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• 2021

Objectives: This study evaluated the dietary habits and health behaviors of Korean adults according to their physical activity. Methods: Adults aged 19~64 years, who participated in the 2016~2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, were enrolled in this study. The subjects were classified into the physical inactivity group, aerobic physical activity group, strength exercise group, and combined exercise group. Results: Significant differences in skipping breakfast, frequency of eating out, dietary supplements, and alcohol drinking status were observed among physical activity groups (P < 0.001). The combined exercise group had the highest % KDRI of protein, vitamin A, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, calcium, potassium, and iron (P < 0.001). The physical inactivity group had the highest obesity rate (35.1%), and they perceived their body image type to be obese. In the combined exercise group, 47.8% of respondents said they were in good health (P < 0.001). The health-related quality of life score of the physical inactivity group was the lowest, with a score of 0.94. The metabolic syndrome risk rate of the combined exercise group was lower at 0.62 times (95% CI, 0.51-0.75) than the physical inactivity group. Conclusions: The physical activity type was associated with metabolic syndrome. These results can be useful for supporting dietary education and physical activity programs for adults.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.277-286
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• 2014

Purpose: The aim of this study was to examine the characteristics of nutrition-related knowledge, dietary habits, and nutrient intakes of alcoholic patients and how nutrition education affects these nutritional behaviors. Methods: Subjects included 37 adult male alcoholic patients who were hospitalized. The nutrition education program consisted of five lessons over a five-week period. An each 80-minute nutrition education program per week was implemented for the alcoholic patients over a five-week period. Both before and after the implementation of nutrition education, their nutrition-related knowledge and dietary habits were assessed and nutrient intakes were investigated. Results: The subjects showed drinking habits of considerably high frequency, a large quantity of alcohol consumption, and preference for soju (a liquor) over beer. They had proper weight, height, and BMI, and came from relatively poor socioeconomic backgrounds with a low-level of self-rated health status and a comparatively high rate of suffering from disease. Mean score of their nutrition-related knowledge and dietary habits was quite low. They consumed less energy, dietary fiber, vitamin C, thiamin, riboflavin, folic acid, Ca, and K, but more Na compared to each Dietary Reference Intake (DRI). After implementing the nutrition education, mean score of nutrition-related knowledge and dietary habits showed significant improvement. In addition, the meeting rate of each DRI of several nutrients was increased significantly, including energy, carbohydrate, dietary fiber, vitamins A, C, and $B_6$, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, pyridoxine, folic acid, Ca, P, K, Fe, and Zn, while that of Na decreased. Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate that alcoholic patients had various nutritional problems, such as lack of nutrition-related knowledge, bad dietary habits, and insufficient nutrient intakes, however, these problems can be positively modified by implementation of a relatively short-term nutrition education program.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.49-53
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• 1992

This study was attempted to analyze amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins and minerals, reducing sugars and dietary fiber of Artemisia mongolica Fischer to establish the value as an useful vegetable. Total free amino acids of mugworts plucked in spring and autumn were 1048.1 mg% and 2187.1 mg% respectively. The contents of linoleic and linolenic acids were 76.7% in spring mugworts and 69.5% in autumn ones. Mugworts gathered in spring and autumn showed 0.16 mg% and 0.15 mg% for thiamin, 1.81 mg% and 1.74 mg% for riboflavin, 5.34 mg% and 5.36 mg% for niacin and 26.12 mg% and 25.21 mg% for ascorbic acid. Mineral contents of spring and autumn mugworts were 17.8 mg% and 20.5 mg% for iron, 0.3 ppm and 0.4 ppm for selenium. The contents of reducing sugar were fructose 9.75 mg% for spring, 9.78 mg% for autumn and the contents of dietary fiber were 37.57% for spring and 38.41% for autumn.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.113-120
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• 2004

This study was conducted to investigate variables related to dietary fiber intake among sixth grade children in an elementary school in Daejon city. One hundred and forty-seven children completed a questionnaire for determining their socioeconomic background and their food habits. Anthropometric measurements were taken, and a 24-hour diet recall method was used to collect three-day food intakes. The socioeconomic status of the children's families belonged to the upper middle class; 53.0% of their fathers and 25.8% of their mothers had completed college or higher degrees. 27.9% of the mothers had jobs, including part-time jobs. Approximately 30% of the children skipped breakfast, 66.4% of the children preferred animal foods to plant foods, and 52.4% of the children preferred green vegetables to yellow or pale vegetables. Grilled meat dishes, such as Grilled beef rib with seasoning, Bulgogi, grilled pork belly and beef steaks, were the most popular types of food eaten outside home by the children. Daily dietary fiber intake was 14.5 g in boys and 14.5 g in girls, and these intakes are low compared to the standard guidelines. The average intakes of energy and protein of the children were 84.5% and 114.0% of the Korean Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs), respectively. Besides energy, riboflavin, iron and calcium intakes were below the RDAs, and especially calcium intake was only 50% of the RDAs. On the other hand, thiamin, niacin, ascorbic acid, protein and phosphorus intakes exceeded the Korean RDAs. Family income or the children's body mass index (BMI) was not directly related to dietary fiber intakes. However, higher dietary fiber intakes tended to be related to higher intakes of green vegetables and fruits. Children with higher dietary fiber intake tended to prefer plant foods to animal foods. Energy and most nutrients, except heme iron and retinol, showed positive relationships with dietary fiber intake. Especially potassium and plant origin protein and calcium were highly correlated with dietary fiber intakes(r＞0.6). From these results, it is concluded that dietary fiber intakes of these sixth grade elementary school children were less than the standard reference and it is anticipated to decrease further in the future with increased incomes. Therefore, increased intakes of dietary fiber by elementary school children should be promoted through nutrition education, together with the development of cooking methods and recipes utilizing green vegetables and fruits.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.175-184
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• 1989

This survey was carried out to obtain the information concerning nutritional status, including factors of food intake and health condition of elderly women living in Ulsan city. Main results were as follows. 1) Dietary intake data showed the average daily intake of energy, protein, vitamin A, riboflavin and ascorbic acid were lower than Korean recommended dietary allowances (RDA). According to the percentage of RDA, Vitamin A was the nutrient found to be least sufficient. 2) Among the various influencial factors, pocket money, meal-mate, skip meal and health concern influenced on nutrient intake considerably. A meal condition score based on influencial factors, showed significant correlations with all nutrient intake(P<0.001). A health score based n the subjects complains about health condition, showed significant correlations with intake of energy, carbohydrate, thiamin, and niacin(P<0.05). 3) Average hight was below Korea reference, while average body weight of subjects was close to Korean reference. Average body mass index was 23.0. 4) The average systolic and diastolic blood pressure was 140mmHg/88mmHg, the proportion of hypertension was 32.4 percent. The average hemglobin concentration was 12.7g/dl, only 6.7 percent of subjects were anemic. Serum cholesterol concentration was normal range(140~220mg/dl) in all subjects.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.166-174
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• 1999

We examined the obesity levels and dietary habits of 323 college students taking the course 'Health and Diet' as a part of their nutritional education. The average percentages of body fat, BMI and RBW for subjects in this study were 16.7%, $21.5kg/m^2$ and -1.2% in male students and 27.3%, $21.2kg/m^2$ and 1.0% in female students, respectively. BMI and RBW indicated fewer cases of obesity among female students than BIA did. The average intake of energy by subjects was lower than the RDA of energy. In particular, the average intakes of calcium, iron, and vitamin A by female students were much lower than the RDA of energy. In particular, the average intakes of calcium, iron, and vitamin A by female students were much lower than the RDAs of each of those nutrients. The percent RDAs of nutrient intakes of energy, protein, thiamin, and riboflavin were lower in under weight students than in students of normal and over-weight. Female students were found to skip meals and consume sweet foods more frequently than male students. The obesity levels of students related to the number of meals eaten per day as well as the frequency of consuming sweet foods. Although, it was not possible to determine statistically, the levels obesity also seemed to correspond to the speed at which meals were eaten as well as the frequency of eating salty foods. These results suggest that in order to assess obesity properly, more research that focuses on subjects' gender should be conducted. In addition, nutritional education should emphasize the importance of intakes of energy and phosphorus for male students, and the danger of iron and calcium deficiencies for female students. We should also educate students about dietary habits which contribute to obesity such as overeating and the intake of sweet foods.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.267-271
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• 1998

To evaluate nutrient intakes of the first generation Korean -Americans in Hawaii, a dietary survey was conducted using a food frquency questionaire which included 139 food items most often consumed among Korean foods and American foods. The questionnaire surveyed 157 first generation Korean-Americans living in Hawaii. The 66.7~81.1% of first generation Korean-Americans in Hawaii were of healthy weight. The mean percentages of calories obtained from their dietary analyses were 61% carbohydrate, 23% fat and 16% protein. The calorie distribution of their diet appeared to be similiar between older women and older men, however it was seen that men consumed a higher percent of calories from fat than women among younger subjects. The mean dietary intakes for first generation Korean-Americans exceeded recommended intakes for protein, thiamin, niacin , vitamin A, vitamin C, folacin , phosphorus and iron , but the intakes of energy, riboflavin, vitamin B6 ,vitamin E, calcium and zinc were lower than the recommended dietary allowance for Americans. Compared with other groups based on age and gender , younger men had significantly(p<0.05) higher intakes of riboflavin, phosohrous, iron and zinc, and lower intake of folacin. Older subjects consumed significantly (p<0.05) less protein, riboflavin, vitamin B6 and zinc than did younger subjects, and most of the first generation Korean-Americans in Hawaii consumed adequate levels of saturated fatty acid . The ratio , however, of polyunsaturated fatty acid to saturated fatty acid in the diet of younger men was about 0.61, much lower than the recommeded ration of 1.0 and also was significantly (p<0.05) lower than that of other subjects. Moreover, cholesterol intakes of younger men were close th the maximum recommeded level of 300mg/day.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.199-206
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• 2015

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: Even though the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in adolescents is increasing, little is presently known about this syndrome in adolescents. This study aimed to cluster metabolic risk factors as well as examine the associations between identified patterns and nutrient intake using data from the Korean National Health Examination and Nutritional Assessment (KNHANES). SUBJECTS/METHODS: A total of 2,958 subjects aged 10 to 18 years along with both biochemical and dietary data information were obtained from KNHANES 2007-2010. Six components of metabolic syndrome were used to identify any patterns via factor analysis. Individuals were categorized into quartile groups according to their pattern score. RESULTS: Three clustering patterns with high loadings were identified and named as follows: 1) high blood pressure, 2) dyslipidemia, and 3) glucose abnormality patterns. The high blood pressure pattern showed high loadings of systolic and diastolic blood pressures, the dyslipidemia pattern showed high loadings of triglyceride and HDL-cholesterol levels, and the glucose abnormality pattern showed high loadings of fasting blood glucose levels. Intakes of fat and riboflavin were significantly decreased, whereas those of sodium and niacin were significantly increased across the quartiles in the dyslipidemia pattern. No nutrient intake except that of thiamin was significantly associated with the high blood pressure or glucose abnormality pattern. CONCLUSION: Our findings show that metabolic syndrome risk factors in the Korean adolescent population are characterized by three distinct patterns, which are differentially associated with dietary factors. Characterizing metabolic risk factors and providing specific dietary guidelines for target groups are important.