• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제24권7호
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• pp.957-964
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• 2011

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of fermented soybean meal (FSBM) on the level of cortisol hormone and immune-related serum proteins in weaned calves after experimentally induced lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge. Holstein neonatal calves (n = 21; 8 males and 13 females, BW = $42.2{\pm}6.15$ kg) were randomly allocated to one of two dietary treatments: SBM (control calf starter having soybean meal (SBM) as a main protein source) and FSBM (substitute SBM in control diet with FSBM) groups. All calves were fed milk replacer using an automatic milk-feeder according to step-down milking method and weaned at 7 weeks old. Experimental diets were given to calves ad libitum throughout the experimental period. For LPS challenge, all calves except negative control animals given phosphate buffered saline (PBS), were injected subcutaneously with Salmonella typhimurium LPS on day 7 (D7) after weaning (D0). No significant difference in growth performance and milk intake was observed between SBM and FSBM calves. Feeding FSBM diet resulted in significantly (p<0.05) higher LPS-specific IgG at D12 and D19 and LPS-specific IgA at D19 in peripheral blood. Calves fed with FSBM diet also had significantly (p<0.05) higher concentration of serum haptoglobin (Hp) at D8. Overall concentration of cortisol in FSBM group was considerably lower than that of SBM group. Results from current study indicate that FSBM may provide beneficial effects in alleviating weaning stress and enhance immune status of weaned calves.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.59-64
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• 2013

Eight male cattle of the Local Yellow breed with an average live weight of 121 kg and an average age of 18 months were used to evaluate the effects of different levels of sun-dried cassava (Manihot esculenta) foliage supplementation on mineral metabolism in growing cattle fed rice straw and para grass as basal diet. Rice straw ad libitum and para grass (Brachiaria mutica) at 1% DM of BW comprised the basal diet. The study was arranged as a $4{\times}4$ double Latin square design, with cassava foliage contributing 0, 0.8, 1.6 or 2.4 g CP/kg BW. The cassava foliage intake was lower than the planned levels. DM consumption was significantly affected by cassava foliage supplementation, with the largest intake observed at the two highest levels of cassava foliage supplementation. Rice straw intake showed the opposite pattern, with lower intake at higher cassava foliage supplementation. No refusals occurred for para grass in any of the treatments. Ca, P, Mg, K, S and Mn intake increased significantly with increasing intake of cassava foliage, but Na intake was not affected by treatment. Faecal excretion of Ca, Mg, S and Mn increased significantly with increasing cassava foliage intake. There were no differences between P, K and Na excretion in faeces. There was a significant diet effect on Mg, S and Mn digestibility. Mg and Mn digestibility increased with increasing cassava foliage supplementation, while S digestibility decreased. Ca, P, K and Na digestibility was not affected by diet. There was a significant effect of treatment on P retention, with the highest value observed for supplementation with 1.6 g CP/kg BW cassava foliage. Ca and Mg showed similar trends, with the highest retention again for supplementation with 1.6 g CP/kg BW cassava foliage. There were weak but significant positive correlations between nitrogen retention and the macro minerals Ca, P and Mg. Furthermore, retention of all these minerals was positively correlated. Mineral losses in urine were not affected by dietary treatment with the exception of P excretion, which was affected by treatment. In conclusion, cassava foliage is a good Ca source which compensates for the low Ca content in rice straw and para grass, but P deficiency appears to be exaggerated in cattle with higher cassava intake. The results suggest that under these conditions growing cattle on a high cassava intake would benefit from P and S supplementation.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.729-736
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• 2012

산삼 배양근 기능성 식품 및 화장품 소재로서의 이용 가능성을 조사하기 위해 산삼 배양근 70% 에탄올 추출물의 영양성분 및 항산화 활성(총 페놀 함량, 총 플라보노이드 함량, 전자공여능, 아질산염소거능, 환원력) 등을 측정하였다. 식품영양학적 접근에서의 산삼 배양근의 일반성분은 건량 기준으로 당질 61.72%, 조단백질 17.36%, 조지방 0.23% 및 조회분10.90%이었고, 산삼 배양근 100 g의 함유 열량은 323.97 kcal로 분석되었다. 또한, 총 18종의 아미노산으로 구성되었으며, 함량은 16.15 g이었고, 무기질 중 칼륨의 함유량이 가장 높았으며, 그 다음이 인, 칼슘, 마그네슘 순으로 나타나 알칼리성 재료임을 알 수 있었으며, 지방산 함량의 경우 총 포화 지방산 0.26 g, 불포화지방산 0.62 g으로 구성되어 있었다. 조 사포닌의 함량은 25.87 mg/g으로 분석되었다. 총 페놀 함량은 11.2 mg/g, 총 플라보노이드 함량은 4.2 mg/g으로 나타났으며, 전자공여능은 24.7~31.6%의 범위로 활성을 나타내었다. 아질산염소거능은 모든 pH 조건하에서 pH가 증가할수록 감소하였다. 환원력의 경우에는 $1,000{\mu}g/m{\ell}$에서 0.06의 값으로 가장 높은 활성을 보였다. 이상의 결과로부터 산삼 배양근 70% 에탄올 추출물은 항산화능이 있음을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.842-849
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• 2012

본 연구는 구멍쇠미역을 대상으로 건강기능성식품의 소재로의 활용을 위한 가능성을 타진하고자 영양성분 분석을 통한 식품영양학적 접근 및 생리활성 기능을 분석하였다. 식품 영양학적 접근에서의 구멍쇠미역의 일반성분은 건량 기준으로 당질 45.4%, 조단백질 15.0%, 조지방 2.3% 및 조회분 33.1%이었고, 구멍쇠미역 100 g의 함유 열량은 262.3 kcal로 분석되었으며, 총 식이섬유소 함량은 34.0%로 나타났다. 또한, 총 18종의 아미노산으로 구성되었으며, 그 함량은 12,402.42 mg이었고, 무기질 중 칼륨의 함유량이 가장 높았고, 그 다음이 칼슘, 나트륨, 마그네슘 순으로 나타나, 알칼리성 재료임을 알 수 있었다. 구멍쇠미역 추출물의 총 페놀 함량 및 총 플라보노이드 함량분석 결과, 각각 $34.1{\pm}2.56mg/g$과 $4.9{\pm}0.26mg/g$으로 나타났다. 다양한 항산화 평가 모델(DPPH, FRAP, 환원력, ABTS)을 통하여 구멍쇠미역 추출물의 항산화 활성을 측정한 결과, 구멍쇠미역 추출물의 농도가 증가함에 따라 항산화능이 유의적으로 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 이상의 결과로부터 구멍쇠미역은 식품으로서의 이용가치가 매우 크며, 구멍쇠미역 추출물은 항산화능이 있음을 확인할 수 있었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제23권11호
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• pp.1496-1502
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• 2010

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of diet complexity and fermented soy protein on growth performance and amino acid digestibility. In Exp. 1, a total of 120 crossbred weanling pigs ($5.68{\pm}0.80\;kg$ BW) were randomly allocated into 4 treatments. Each treatment had 6 replicate pens comprising 5 pigs in each replicate. Experimental diets consisted of simple (soybean meal as protein source) and complex (soybean meal, rice protein concentrate, potato protein concentrate and fish meal as protein sources) diets; each diet contained 0 or 5% fermented soy protein (FSP), respectively. Dietary treatments included: i) simple diet; ii) simple diet with 5% FSP; iii) complex diet; iv) complex diet with 5% FSP. Pigs were provided each experimental diet for 20 d (phase 1) and then fed the same common diet for 10 d (phase 2). During days 0-10, pigs fed FSP diets had greater ADG than those fed non-FSP diets (p<0.05). G/F in FSP treatments was significantly higher than that in non-FSP treatments (p<0.05) from days 0 to 10. Throughout the overall period, G/F was greater in FSP treatments compared with non-FSP treatments (p<0.05). On d 10, N digestibility was higher in pigs fed FSP diets than in those fed non-FSP diets (p<0.05). Diet complexity did not affect growth performance and nutrient digestibility (p>0.05) in this experiment. In Exp 2, 12 ileal-cannulated, weanling barrows were housed in individual metabolism crates and randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments (same as Exp. 1) by using a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design. Among the essential amino acids, apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of Met and Val were increased in pigs fed FSP diets compared with those fed non-FSP diets (p<0.05). AID of Met, Phe and total essential amino acids were higher in pigs fed complex diets than in those fed simple diets (p<0.05). Among the non-essential amino acids, AID of Ala in FSP treatments was greater than that in non-FSP treatments (p<0.05). In addition, Asp, Cys, Glu, Pro, Ser and total non-essential amino acid digestibilities in pigs fed complex diets were higher compared with those fed simple diets (p<0.05). Interaction was observed in AID of Met, Asp and Pro. In conclusion, these results indicated that feeding of 5% FSP to nursery pigs improved feed efficiency and AID of amino acids, and diet complexity did not maximize the growth performance of pigs in the subsequent phase.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제24권9호
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• pp.1249-1255
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• 2011

This study examined the effect of CLA, flaxseed oil and fish oil and their combination forms on crude fat of liver and fatty acid profiles of liver, breast and thigh meat in broiler chicks. A total of 72, 1-day-old Cobb broilers were assigned to 6 groups, and fed an experimental diet supplemented with 5 different fat sources; conjugated linoleic acid (2% CLA), flaxseed oil (2% FXO), fish oil (2% FHO), CLA and flaxseed oil combination (1:1; 2% CXO), and CLA and fish oil combination (1:1; 2% CHO). Eight birds per treatment were processed, and liver, breast and thigh samples were investigated at 21 d of age. As a result of this study, most fatty acids of liver, breast and thigh meat were influenced by fat sources supplemented in the diet (p<0.05). CLA addition resulted in an increase of crude fat and saturated fatty acid (SFA) content but a concomitant decrease in n-3 to n-6 fatty acid ratio was observed in liver (p<0.05). Moreover, the same trends of SFA and n-3 to n-6 fatty acid ratio were also observed in breast and thigh meats of birds fed CLA alone. In the CXO-fed group or CHO-fed group, n-3 and n-3 to n-6 fatty acid ratio in both breast and thigh meat increased compared with CLA group, while SFA content decreased (p<0.05). FHO fed-groups had the lowest proportion of n-6 fatty acid in both breast and thigh meats compared to other fat source treatments (p<0.05). In conclusion, the increased levels of crude fat and SFA in liver and meats obtained by feeding CLA could be reduced by its combination with FXO or FHO. In addition, the combination of CLA and FXO or FHO fed to broiler chicks could increase the n-3 to n-6 fatty acid ratio of their meat along with the deposition of CLA.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제39권11호
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• pp.1627-1633
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• 2010

본 연구는 더덕껍질의 기능성식품 및 화장품 소재로서의 이용가능성을 조사하기 위해서 더덕껍질의 영양성분 분석을 통한 식품영양학적 접근, 생리활성 기능을 기대할 수 있는 관련 물질 함량을 분석하였다. 식품영양학적 접근에서의 더덕껍질의 일반성분은 건량기준으로 탄수화물 24.74%, 조단백질 2.73%, 조지방 2.96% 및 조회분 4.84%이었고 더덕껍질 100 g의 함유 열량은 266.00 kcal로 분석되었으며, 총 식이섬유소 함량은 건량기준으로 64.73%로 나타났다. 또한, 필수아미노산과 비필수아미노산 함량은 각각 633.40과 870.72 mg/100 g wet weight basis이었고, 무기질 중 칼륨의 함유량이 가장 높았고 그 다음이 칼슘, 마그네슘, 인순으로 나타나 알칼리성 재료임을 알 수 있었으며, 지방산 함량의 경우 불포화지방산의 함량이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 유리당의 경우 fructose의 함량이 전체 유리당의 약 72%를 차지하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 더덕껍질 물추출물의 총 페놀화합물 함량은 $24.65\;{\mu}g/g$, 플라보노이드 함량은 $6.19\;{\mu}g/g$으로 분석되었으며, DPPH 소거 활성을 농도별로 측정하여 비교 한 결과 $500\;{\mu}g/mL$ 농도에서 79.30%로 높은 활성을 보였다. 또한, 환원력의 경우에는 더덕껍질 추출물이 25 mg/mL의 농도에서 3.5로 높은 환원력을 보였다. 이상의 결과로부터 더덕껍질 물추출물은 항산화능이 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. 따라서 더덕껍질을 식품 내 첨가물로서, 혹은 다른 약용으로의 활용가능성을 제시하고 있다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제37권10호
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• pp.938-945
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• 2004

The purposes of this study were to survey the present situation of nutrition education in junior/senior high school, to analyze the difference between the favorite subjects on students and the existing subject done by dietitians on nutrition education, and then to identify the subjects of nutritional education for junior/senior high school students. Self-administered questionnaires were given to dietitians and students and 142 of the 200 dietitians (71.0%) and 479 of the 564 students (84.9%) responded to the questionnaire on the nutritional education. According to the survey results, 76.1 % of school dietitians currently were doing nutrition education for students while the other 23.9% didn't have such education programs even though they recognized the necessity strongly. The target of nutrition education was student rather than parents or teacher generally and the principal measuring method for nutrition education effect was change of plate waste and leftover'. It was found that significant difference in the collector and source of nutritional education information between junior and senior high school dietitians (p< .05) . About ninety-eight percentage of dietitians felt that nutrition education should keep pace with meal service and this meant that almost respondent recognized the necessity of nutrition education for students. Because the most serious one among operational problems of nutrition education program was lack of enough time owing to too many affairs as dietitian, junior and senior high schools should support so that dietitians would share enough time for nutrition education. And also, a gap was existed between actual and favorite subjects on nutrition education. Significant differences existed in the following subjects; 'basic concept of food and nutrition', 'disease and nutrition', 'food culture in the world', 'cooking and culinary art', 'food of the 24 divisions of the year in the lunar calendar', 'food waste and environmental issue', 'food habit and food behavior', 'exercise and nutrition' (p< .001) 'table manner', 'food and individual sanitation', 'recommended dietary allowance' (p < .01) and 'menu planning' (p< .05) .Finally, 24 subjects of nutritional education were selected based on the survey results. These subjects would be expected to be able to contribute the effective and interesting nutrition education program for junior and senior high school students.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제14권6호
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• pp.821-830
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• 2001

To study the effects of partial replacement of soybean meal (SBM) with palm kernel meal (PKM) and copra meal (CM) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and carcass characteristics in finishing pigs, a total of 150 crossbred pigs (Landrace$\times$Duroc$\times$Yorkshire; average $52.11{\pm}1.08kg$ body weight) were alloted to five treatments, in a randomized block design. The treatments included 1) Control: without PKM or CM, 2) PKM2: 2% of palm kernel meal, 3) PKM4: 4% palm kernel meal, 4) CM2: 2% of copra meal, 5) CM4: 4% of copra meal. During the early finishing period (52~74 kg), growth performance was better in CM diets than in PKM diets or control diet, and in overall period (74~100 was lower (p<0.05) in PKM4 diet than the other diets. Nutrient digestibilies of PKM or CM substituted diets showed the tendency to be lower than those of control diet. In the early finishing period, total amino acid digestibilities of PKM and CM diets had the tendency to be lower than control diet, and in the late finishing period, they were lower (p<0.05) than control diet. Carcass length was longer (p<0.05) in the pigs fed 2% CM than in the pigs fed 4% PKM diet, but other carcass characteristics were not different among treatments. Although the dietary C14:0 content affected (p<0.05) on the C14:0 content in the carcass, the inclusion of PKM or CM in the diet did not affect the total saturated fatty acids and unsaturated fatty acids in the backfat of finishing pigs. Although it was not significant, supplementation of CM at the 2% and 4% of control group tended to decrease feed cost per kg weight gain by 2.89 to 1.42%, respectively. In conclusion, copra meal can be a valuable source of protein in the diet for finishing pigs and may replace other protein sources in pig diets to a considerable extent.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.34-41
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• 2017

Objective: Two experiments were performed to evaluate the effects of coated slow-release urea on nutrient digestion, ruminal fermentation, nitrogen utilization, blood glucose and urea concentration (Exp 1), and average daily gain (ADG; Exp 2) of steers. Methods: Exp 1: Eight ruminally fistulated steers [$503{\pm}28.5kg$ body weight (BW)] were distributed into a d $4{\times}4$ Latin square design and assigned to treatments: control (CON), feed grade urea (U2), polymer-coated slow-release urea A (SRA2), and polymer-coated slow-release urea B (SRB2). Dietary urea sources were set at 20 g/kg DM. Exp 2: 84 steers ($350.5{\pm}26.5kg$ initial BW) were distributed to treatments: CON, FGU at 10 or 20 g/kg diet DM (U1 and U2, respectively), coated SRA2 at 10 or 20 g/kg diet DM (SRA1 and SRA2, respectively), and coated SRB at 10 or 20 g/kg diet DM (SRB1 and SRB2, respectively). Results: Exp 1: Urea treatments (U2+SRA2+SRB2) decreased (7.4%, p = 0.03) the DM intake and increased (11.4%, p<0.01) crude protein digestibility. Coated slow-release urea (SRA2+-SRB2) showed similar nutrient digestibility compwared to feed grade urea (FGU). However, steers fed SRB2 had higher (p = 0.02) DM digestibility compared to those fed SRA2. Urea sources did not affect ruminal fermentation when compared to CON. Although, coated slow-release urea showed lower (p = 0.01) concentration of $NH_3-N$ (-10.4%) and acetate to propionate ratio than U2. Coated slow-release urea showed lower (p = 0.02) urinary N and blood urea concentration compared to FGU. Exp 2: Urea sources decreased (p = 0.01) the ADG in relation to CON. Animals fed urea sources at 10 g/kg DM showed higher (12.33%, p = 0.01) ADG compared to those fed urea at 20 g/kg DM. Conclusion: Feeding urea decreased the nutrient intake without largely affected the nutrient digestibility. In addition, polymer-coated slow-release urea sources decreased ruminal ammonia concentration and increased ruminal propionate production. Urea at 20 g/kg DM, regardless of source, decreased ADG compared both to CON and diets with urea at 10 g/kg DM.